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Chapter 40 - Key Concepts

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The functions of animal tissues and organs are correlated with their structures. Bioenergetics is fundamental to all animal functions. An animal s size and shape ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Chapter 40 - Key Concepts


1
Chapter 40 - Key Concepts
  • The functions of animal tissues and organs are
    correlated with their structures.
  • Bioenergetics is fundamental to all animal
    functions.
  • An animals size and shape affect its
    interactions with the external environment.
  • Homeostatic mechanisms regulate an animals
    internal environment.

2
Points to Know
  • What is a tissue?
  • What are the four main tissues in animals?
  • What is the basal metabolic rate (BMR) of an
    endotherm?
  • What is the standard metabolic rate (SMR) of an
    ectotherm?
  • How do different body plans allow contact with
    the environment?

3
Points to Know
  • What is negative feedback?
  • What is positive feedback?

4
Chapter 41 - Main Concepts
  • Diets and feeding mechanisms vary extensively
    among animals.
  • Ingestion, digestion, absorption, and elimination
    are the four main stages of food processing.
  • Digestion occurs in food vacuoles, gastrovascular
    cavities, and alimentary canals.

5
Main Concepts
  • A tour of the mammalian digestive system.
  • Vertebrate digestive systems exhibit many
    evolutionary adaptations associated with diet.
  • An adequate diet provides fuel, carbon skeletons
    for biosynthesis and essential nutrients.

6
Points to Know
  • What are herbivores, carnivores, omnivores, and
    suspensioin-feeders?
  • Trace the movement of food through a mammalian
    digestive system giving all organs, their
    function and relevant enzymes. (ex. pepsin,
    pancreatic juices etc.)
  • How are symbiotic bacteria and protozoa important
    to digestion?

7
Points to Know
  • How is food used as fuel?
  • How is food used for biosynthesis?
  • What are the essential nutrients?
  • What are some of the water-soluble vitamins?
  • What are some of the fat-soluble vitamins?
  • What are the mineral requirements of humans?

8
Chapter 42 - Main Concepts
  • Transport systems functionally connect body cells
    with the organs of exchange
  • Most invertebrates have a gastrovascular cavity
    or a circulatory system for internal transport
  • Diverse adaptations of a cardiovascular system
    have evolved in vertebrates.

9
Main Concepts
  • Rhythmic pumping of the mammalian heart drives
    blood through pulmonary and systemic circuits.
  • The lymphatic system returns fluid to the blood
    and aids in body defense.
  • Blood is a connective tissue with cells suspended
    in plasma.

10
Main Concepts
  • Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of
    death in the United States and many other
    developed nations.
  • Gas exchange supplies oxygen for cellular
    respiration and disposes of carbon dioxide.
  • Gills are respiratory adaptations of most aquatic
    animals.

11
Main Concepts
  • Tracheae are respiratory adaptations of insects.
  • Lungs are the respiratory adaptations of most
    terrestrial vertebrates.

12
Points to Know
  • What is a closed or open circulatory system?
  • What are veins, arteries and capillaries?
  • What are the chambers and valves of a vertebrate
    heart?
  • What is the pathway of blood as it travels
    through the body?
  • What are the components of blood?

13
Points to Know
  • What is the relationship between the respiratory
    medium and the respiratory surface?
  • What is countercurrent exchange?
  • How is oxygen and carbon dioxide exchanged in the
    lungs?
  • What are the oxygen dissociation curves for
    hemoglobin?
  • What is myoglobin?

14
Chapter 43 - Main Concepts
  • Nonspecific mechanisms provide general barriers
    to infection.
  • Clonal selection of lymphocytes is the cellular
    basis for immunological specificity and
    diversity.
  • Memory cells function in secondary immune
    responses.

15
Main Concepts
  • Molecular markers on cell surfaces function in
    self/other recognition.
  • In the humoral response, B cells defend against
    pathogens in body fluids by generating specific
    antibodies.
  • In the cell-mediated response, T cells defend
    against intracellular pathogens.

16
Main Concepts
  • Complement proteins participate in both
    nonspecific and specific defenses.
  • The immune systems capacity to distinguish self
    from other is critical in transfusions and organ
    transplants.
  • Abnormal immune function leads to disease states.
  • Invertebrates have a rudimentary immune system.

17
Points to Know
  • How do the skin and mucous membranes project the
    body?
  • What is an antigen and an antibody?
  • What is humoral immunity and cell-mediated
    immunity?
  • What is the structure of an antibody?
  • How do complement proteins work?

18
Points to Know
  • What is the Rh factor and why can it be a problem
    in pregnancy?
  • How does HIV cause AIDS?

19
Chapter 44 - Main Concepts
  • Cells require a balance between water uptake and
    loss.
  • Osmoregulation depends on transport epithelia.
  • Tubular systems function in osmoregulation and
    excretion in many invertebrates.
  • The kidneys of vertebrates are compact organs
    with many excretory tubules.

20
Main Concepts
  • The kidneys transport epithelia regulate the
    composition of blood.
  • The water-conserving ability of the kidney is a
    key terrestrial adaptation.
  • An animals nitrogenous wastes are correlated
    with its phylogeny and habitat.
  • Thermoregulation maintains body temperature
    within a range conducive to metabolism.

21
Main Concepts
  • Ectotherms derive body heat mainly from their
    surroundings and endotherms derive it mainly from
    metabolism.
  • Thermoregulation involves physiological and
    behavioral adjustments.
  • Regulatory systems interact in the maintenance of
    homeostasis.

22
Points to Know
  • How does osmoregulation in marine and fresh-water
    fish compare?
  • What are protonephridria and metanephridria?
  • What are Malpighian tubules?
  • What are the parts of a nephron and how does it
    filter blood?

23
Points to Know
  • What materials are filtered by the kidney and
    what materials are not?
  • What are examples of animals that excrete
    ammonia, urea, and uric acid?
  • What are endotherms and ectotherms?
  • How do countercurrent heat exchangers work?
  • What are some feedback mechanisms in
    thermoregulation?

24
Chapter 45 - Main Concepts
  • Hormone binding to specific receptors triggers
    signaling mechanisms at the cellular level.
  • Many chemical signals are relayed and amplified
    by second messengers and protein kinases.
  • Invertebrate control systems often integrate
    endocrine and nervous system functions.

25
Main Concepts
  • The hypothalamus and pituitary integrate many
    functions of the vertebrate endocrine system.
  • The vertebrate endocrine system coordinates
    homeostasis and regulates growth, development,
    and reproduction.
  • The endocrine system and the nervous system are
    structurally, chemically and functionally related.

26
Points to Know
  • What are hormones?
  • How do steroid hormones cause gene expression?
  • What are some hormones produced in the
    hypothalamus and pituitary glands and what do
    they do?

27
Points to Know
  • How does the body regulate glucose levels through
    insulin and glucagon.
  • What is the fight or flight syndrome?
  • How are the endocrine and nervous systems
    structurally, chemically and functionally related?

28
Chapter 46 - Main Concepts
  • Both asexual and sexual reproduction occur in the
    animal kingdom.
  • In sexual reproduction, gametes unite in the
    external environment or within the female.
  • Human reproduction involves intricate anatomy and
    complex behavior
  • Spermatogensis and oogensis both involve meiosis,
    but differ in 3 significant ways.

29
Main Concepts
  • A complex interplay of hormones regulates
    reproduction.
  • Embryonic and fetal development occur during
    pregnancy in humans and other placental mammals.
  • Contraception prevents pregnancy.
  • New technologies offer help for reproductive
    problems.

30
Points to Know
  • What are the types of asexual reproduction and
    under what conditions is it an advantage?
  • Which animals have external fertilization and
    which have internal?
  • How do spermatogenesis and oogenesis differ in
    humans?

31
Points to Know
  • How do hormones control the female menstrual
    cycle?
  • What hormones are involved in pregnancy?
  • How do the various methods of contrception
    prevent pregnancy?

32
Chapter 47 - Main Concepts
  • Fertilization activates the egg and brings
    together the sperm and egg nuclei.
  • Cleavage partitions the zygote into many smaller
    cells.
  • The organs of the body form from the three
    embryonic germ layers.
  • Morphogenesis in animals involves specific
    changes in cell shape, position, and adhesion.

33
Main Concepts
  • Inductive signals drive differentiation and
    pattern formation in vertebrates.

34
Points to Know
  • How eggs prevent polyspermy.
  • The three tissues or embryonic germ layers that
    organs will develop from.
  • An example of organizer regions in vertebrate
    limb development.

35
Chapter 48 - Main Concepts
  • The nervous system is composed of neurons and
    supporting cells.
  • Membrane potentials arise from differences in ion
    concentrations between a cells contents and the
    extracellular fluid.
  • Chemical or electrical communication between
    cells occurs at synapses.

36
Main Concepts
  • The vertebrate brain develops from three anterior
    bulges of the spinal cord.
  • The cerebellum controls movement and balance.
  • The cerebrum contains the most sophisticated
    integrating centers.

37
Points to Know
  • How nerve signals are generated and transmitted.
  • How nerve signals jump across a synapse.
  • How the human nervous system is organized.
  • What are the parts of the brain and what do they
    control?

38
Chapter 49 - Main Concepts
  • Sensory receptors transduce stimulus energy and
    transmit signals to the nervous system.
  • Sensory receptors are categorized by the type of
    energy they transduce.
  • The light-absorbing pigment rhodopsin operates
    via signal transduction.

39
Main Concepts
  • The mammalian hearing organ is within the inner
    ear.
  • Most invertebrates have gravity sensors and are
    sound sensitive.
  • Perceptions of taste and smell are usually
    interrelated.
  • Muscles move skeletal parts by contracting.

40
Main Concepts
  • Calcium ions and regulatory proteins control
    muscle contraction.
  • Interactions between myosin and actin underlie
    muscle contractions.

41
Points to Know
  • What are the main sense receptors in humans and
    how do they work?
  • How do muscles contract?
  • What are the various muscle types and where are
    they found in the body?
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