Methodologies for Fiber Spinning and Characterization Qing Shen 1. Department of Polymer Materials and Engineering, Donghua University 2. State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fiber and Polymer Materials, Donghua University E-mail: - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Methodologies for Fiber Spinning and Characterization Qing Shen 1. Department of Polymer Materials and Engineering, Donghua University 2. State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fiber and Polymer Materials, Donghua University E-mail:

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Title: Methodologies for Fiber Spinning and Characterization Qing Shen 1. Department of Polymer Materials and Engineering, Donghua University 2. State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fiber and Polymer Materials, Donghua University E-mail:


1
Methodologies for Fiber Spinning and
Characterization Qing Shen1. Department of
Polymer Materials and Engineering, Donghua
University2. State Key Laboratory for
Modification of Chemical Fiber and Polymer
Materials, Donghua University E-mail
sqing_at_dhu.edu.cn
2
Purposes of the Course
  • Under an English environment, the aims of this
    course are
  • to introduce the history, definition and
    classification of fibers
  • to introduce the methods of fiber spinning to
    students,
  • to introduce the methods of fiber
    characterization to students, and
  • to guide students to know fiber science and
    technology related persons, journals, books and
    companies

.
3
Course outline
  • 1. Introduction
  • 1.1 Fiber history
  • 1.2 Fiber classification
  • 1.3 Importance of fiber science and
  • technology
  • Discussion questions and problems
  • Bibliography

4
2. Fiber spinning techniques
  • 2.1 Melt spinning
  • 2.2 Wet spinning
  • 2.3 Solution dry spinning
  • 2.4 Solution wet spinning
  • 2.5 Gel spinning
  • 2.6 Liquid crystal spinning
  • 2.7 Electrospinning
  • 2.8 Bi-components spinning
  • 2.9 Reaction spinning
  • 2.10 Centrifugation spinning
  • 2.11 Emulsion spinning

2.12 Interfacial polycondensation spinning 2.13
Laser associated spinning 2.14 Coaxial
spinning 2.15 Dry spinning 2.16 Dry jet-wet
spinning Discussion questions and
problems Bibliography
5
3. Fiber characterization
  • 3.1 Morphology
  • 3.1.1 Optical microscopy
  • 3.1.2 SEM
  • 3.1.3 TEM
  • 3.1.4 AFM
  • 3.1.5 STM
  • 3.2 Thermal properties
  • 3.2.1 DSC
  • 3.2.2 TG/DTG
  • 3.2.3 DMA
  • 3.3 Mechanical properties
  • 3.3.1 Tensile
  • 3.3.2 Elongation
  • 3.3.3 Modulus
  • 3.4 Structure
  • 3.4.1 XRD
  • 3.4.2 FTIR
  • 3.4.3 FT-Raman
  • 3.4.4 NMR
  • 3.4.5 UV
  • 3.5 Bio-properties
  • 3.6 Nano-properties
  • Discussion questions and problems
  • Bibliography

6
4. Materials-based fiber spinning techniques
  • 4.1 Synthetic polymer fibers
  • 4.1.1 PA
  • 4.1.2 PAN
  • 4.1.3 PP
  • 4.1.4 PET/PBT/PTT
  • 4.1.5 PU
  • 4.1.6 PVA
  • 4.1.7 PVC
  • 4.1.8 PTFE
  • 4.1.9 PLA
  • 4.2 Natural polymer fibers
  • 4.2.1 Cellulose
  • 4.2.2 Chitin
  • 4.2.3 Protein
  • 4.2.4 Lignin
  • 4.3 Inorganic fibers
  • 4.3.1 Carbon fiber
  • 4.3.2 Silicon fiber
  • 4.3.3 Glass fiber
  • 4.3.4 Oxide fiber
  • Discussion questions and problems
  • Bibliography

7
Fiber definition
  • Fiber is defined as a solid materials with
    stable thin shape and long size as well as
    certain level of tensile strength.

8
Fiber history
  • learnt from silkworm and
  • spider
  • since their fiber producing process are
    good examples of the bio-synthetic and
    bio-spinning techniques because they convert
    non-fiber foods by enzymes into proteins in body
    then spun fibers as a cocoon or net.

9
  • Different fibers

10
Fiber from natural lotus root

11
The structure of the dragonfly wing leads to a
development in polymer fiber with deep dark color

12
Bamboo fiber
13
Glass fiber
  • Silicon fiber

Stone fiber
14
PLA fiber
15
Lyocell fiber
16
Metal fiber
17
Lignin fiber
18
Chitin fiber
19
Ramee fiber
  • Flax fiber

20
Spider fiber
21
  • Fiber machine
  • and
  • equipment

22
A new factory located in Malaysia
23
  • A lab. scale reactor system

24
1. Reactor and autoclave
  • a)  Batch type
  • a unique vessel with agitator and related
    heating, measuring devices usually designed to
    allow polymerization or dissolution materials
    inside. In this case, the raw materials would be
    charged in initially and the final product would
    be released finally after reaction approaching to
    the end.

25
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26
1. Reactor and autoclave
  • b) Continuous type
  • it is usually need to arrange reactors one after
    one and each plays a role only part of whole
    designed job. The pattern can be seen as united
    vessels, e.g. cascade, screw and piston flow
    reactor. (p174).

27
1. Reactor and autoclave
  • c)  Combined type
  • a combination of both batch and
  • continuous reaction in one case.

28
Reactor
29
1. Reactor and autoclave
  • d) A detailed example
  • seeing added disk or reference book.

30
1. Reactor and autoclave
  • e) Related elements
  •   i. Vessel different bottoms, e.g. flat,
  • dished and conical (p232)
  •   ii. Agitator p232

31
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32
Reactor and autoclave e) Related elements
  • iii. Heating device (p232)
  • 1. Internal pipe spiral in vessel from
    top
  • to bottom, pipe spiral at bottom of
  • vessel, jacket.
  • 2. Outer pipe spiral in vessel from
    top to
  • bottom with or without jacket, only
    a
  • jacket.

33
1. Reactor and autoclave e) Related elements
  • iv. Measuring device
  • v. Others view hole, additives adding hole

34
Continuous type
35
Discussion problems
  • 1 Describing a common case where a reactor
    would be applied.
  • 2 Since agitator is of importance for reactor,
    and its type seems to be varied based on polymer
    viscosity. Suppose a case the fluid in high
    viscosity, please do a selection on the basis of
    book.

36
2. Melt spinning machine and related devices
(p276)
  • In second floor
  • chip charging in a hopper?through chip gate
    valve?chip go to extruder(with increased
    temperature)?melted polymer through a
    filter?spinning pump?spinnerets?air quench
    chamber?spin finish application in quench?floor
    interconnection tube?to next arranged on the
    first floor

37
2. Melt spinning machine and related devices
(p276)
  • In first floor
  • ?turning of the filament?winders for
    textile, technical or carpet year with 2-8 spin
    packages each?revolver winder
  • Or in first floor
  • ?godets (hot or cold) with idler roller or
    godet duo?BCF texturing aggregate?BCF cooling
    drum?filament pre-tensioning?revolver

38
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40
  • A lab scale dual-components melt spinning machine
    appeared in the second floor

41
  • chip

42
Chip hopper
43
(1) Chip gate valve (p282)
  • A. The role of chip gate valve is to control the
    flow rate for chip from hopper going to next
    linked machine.
  • B. The gate valve is structured by a frame
    positioned on the inside of two solid plates and
    the spindle (shaft) sealed pressure and vacuum
    proof towards the outside. However, both pressure
    and vacuum are unable proof in detailed case.

44
(1) Chip gate valve (p282)
  • C. The thickness of gate is usually of
  • about 2-3 mm, and controlled by
  • hydraulic pressure.
  • D.  In addition to gate valve, ball valve is
  • broadly used currently. However, this
  • valve has a problem in dead space.

45
Extruder
46
  • Driving system for extruder

47
Extruder and driving system
48
Chip hopper and extruder
49
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50
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51
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52
(2) Spin extruder (pp283-284)
  • A. Types
  • Single screw extruder
  • Double screws extruder
  • B. Typical screw extruder (p283, Fig. 4.67)
  • Screw and driven system
  • C. Screw description (p284, Fig. 4.68)
  • Different zones feeding, transporting,
  • compressing, metering and mixing

53
(2) Spin extruder (pp283-284)
  • D. The ratio of length to diameter, L/D, is an
  • important parameter for understanding
  • of screw extruder due to it in relation
    to
  • detailed polymer process directly.
  • (p286, Fig. 4.69 tabled)
  • E. Zone length is another important parameter
  • for screw extruder (p289, Table 4.18)

54
Discussion problem
  • Please do a comparison of the single and double
    screw extruder.

55
Spinnerets after spinning
56
Spinnerets cleaned by oven
57
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58
(3) Spinning heads and beams (p294)
  • A. Role of the spinning head
  • Melting and dosing polymer fluid
  • distribution to spinnerets.
  • B. Types

59
Discussion problem
  • According to p297 showed Fig. 4.84, which
    configuration to be the best for arrangement of
    spinning beams?

60
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61
(4) Spinning pump (p312)
  • Function dosing of polymer fluid
  • Types gear and piston
  • General parameters used for describing spinning
    pump (p317, Table 4.23)
  • volume/revolution, base area, weight
  • Materials recommended for producing spinning pump
    (p314, Table 4.22)

62
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63
Discussion problem
  • In the use of spinning pump, why people have to
    take care enough. Please give the reason based on
    book.

64
Discussion problem
  • Why a high load filtration is usually
    recommended?

65
(7) Filter (p323)
  • Different types
  • (p323, Fig. 4.122 and Table followed)

66
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67
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68
(8) Spin packs (p335)
  • A. the spin pack including a melt distribution
    filter ,distribution plate, spinneret.
  • B.Two loading type
  • (i) Top loading, inserting from top
  • (ii) Bottom loading,inserting from bottom
  • (iii)Inserting a spin pack is usually to
    employ assistant tool as p335 indicated

69
(8) Spin packs (p335)
  • C. The pack house can be round or rectangle,
    but it must be designed as a pressure used to
    fit either high pressure on temp.

70
Discussion problem
  • Which is usually applied to inserting a spin
    pack?

A lifting device
or A hoist
71
  • Quench

72
Air system for quench
73
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74
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75
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76
(9) Quench cabinets (p346)
  • A. Quench description in P346
  • Fig 4.164
  • B Various quench chamber type P348,
  • Fig 4.165

77
Discussion problem
  • A long quench is usually for which kind of
    fiber?
  • According to this figure (P348) presented
    different quench chamber types, please point out
    one who has the possibility for supply a fast air
    flow velocity?


78
(9) Quench cabinets (p346)
  • C. Relationship between the distance of spinneret
    quench P349 Fig 4.167
  • D.Preferred quench P350
  • Designed by applying Laminar to replace
    turbulent

79
(9) Quench cabinets (p346)
  • E.Now quench chamber for high speed spinning
    (600012000m/min)

80
  • Please do a comparison of the difference among
    the common, preferred and new developed quench
    chambers based on this book.

81
(9) Quench cabinets (p346)
  • F. Quench chamber accession P359

82
(10) Spin finish application systems (p367)
  • A) spin finish
  • A 1025 solution on emulsion in distilled
    water. The concentration of spin finish for
    filament is thin and for stable is thick .
  • There are five different methods of applying
    finish as can be seen in P367.

83
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84
Discussion problem
  • Why a spinning process is usually inserted with
    a spin finish step?


85
(10) Spin finish application systems (p367)
  • B The soil spin finish P368
  • It is the oldest type of spin finish, but
    still be applied especially to water town for
    speed below 1800 m/min
  • C. The roll spin finish P368
  • in addiction to roll (above mentioned ) is
    only in shape.

86
(10) Spin finish application systems (p368)
  • D. Spray spin finish P368
  • The finish is spray on a running tow by
    automating jets.
  • E. Dipping bath as spin finish P369
  • The finish is placed in a pan on the way of
    fiber going. Usually,the fiber is dipped in a
    finish bath loaded by running calendar rolls.

87
(10) Spin finish application systems (P368)
  • F.spin with metering function finish P369
  • The spin finish process is only for application
    of the gear spin finish pump.
  • In general,the spin finish have advantages in
    spinning quantitatively.

88
Discussion problem
  • Of those different spin finish types , which one
    has been considered to have the dosing finish
    possibility?


89
(5) Spinning finish pump (p314)
  • Function
  • Application place
  • Difference comparing to spinning pump

90
(6) Discharge pump and in-line pump (p315)
  • A. In some cases, it can be used to replace
    traditional screw extruder
  • B. In-line pump
  • A pipe linked pump.

91
Discharge pump
92
Discussion problem
  • To keep a spinning pump working as expected in
    normal, which job have to be done and this leads
    to do an arrangement of which in regular?

93
  • Take-up machine

94
  • An electro-controlling system for take-up
    machine

95
  • Texturing machine

96
  • False twist texturing machine

97
A lab scale melt spinning machine
98
Discussion problem
  • Do you think it is possible for arranging a melt
    spinning process related machines only in one
    floor?
  • Yes, try!
  • No, why?

99
(11) Spinning take-up machines (p372)
  • A. As above the fig of take-up machine
  • P374.
    Fig 4.1972
  • ?. The earliest take-up machine equipped with
    long friction drive rolls, which was used until
    above 1963. The take-up speed for the type is
    less than 1500m/min.
  • ?.The second generation of take-up machine has
    individually driven finish winded with speed of
    8000 m/min since 1963.

100
(11) Spinning take-up machines (p372)
  • ?.A modified second generation by turned the yarn
    plane through 90o using mutually perpendicular
    godets (19721984)
  • ?.Another modified second generation with the
    aspect of tension controlled precision YT the
    take-up machine speed to be less than 3200m/min.

101
(11) Spinning take-up machines
  • ?.POY take-up machine single deck winder

  • double
  • The machine for this kind of take-up machine is
    without godets.
  • ?.Spin draw take-up machine with zone heated
    godets air-teaching separation roll with or
    without following high speed winder.

102
(11) Spinning take-up machines
  • For one without the high speed winders , which
    can be converted to for POT.
  • (P375.Fig.4.197)
  • ?.A take-up machine for with the aspect of
    multi-stage drawing multi-ends/positions.
  • ?.A take-up machine for casket your (BCF)
  • 4 ends with a revolved winders.

103
?. The multi-stove take-up machines
  • A. Yarn Inlet gone involve P378
  • inlet your guide, yarn guide often in and
    for out
  • Yarn aspiration , intermingling jet
  • Yarn cutter , yarn sensor
  • Yarn oils (if not in quench cabinet)
  • B. Rolls, godets draw roll in take-up machine
  • In general, they can be distinguished by
    their diameter.

104
?. The multi-stove take-up machines
Dia (mm) Speed (m/min)
separator roll 1260 lt1200 lt6000
godet 75300 lt8000
draw roll 2001000 lt400
105
?. The multi-stove take-up machines
  • C. Constructions for godet (P382)
  • See Fig 4.200

106
Part 2
  • Polymers and related methods for fiber spinning

107
PVA
108
3.3 polymer fiber related machine, spanning
technology
  • (1) Polyethylene (PE)
  • Tm107138ºC
  • Tg-100ºC
  • HDPE
  • LLDPE
  • LDPE

H H C C H H
(hard)
( soft)
109
(1) Polyethylene (PE)
  • A. Melting spinning 1965 in USA
  • Like PP including dying condition
  • B.Extruder L/D ? 2530
  • compression ratio
  • 14 small screw
  • 12.5 big screw D ?
    300mm
  • The best screw should be 3 zone
  • C.Filtration is recommended

110
(1) Polyethylene (PE)
  • D. temp for extruder of
  • LLDPE 135145ºC
  • HDPE 170 190ºC
  • E. LOY OK POY not used yet
  • F. Compact spinning stable PE fiber

111
(1) Polyethylene (PE)
  • G. Drawing ratio for LLDPE 14.517.5
  • depending on
  • H. PE filament has been regarded as the softest
    comparing to others e.g. stable PE or all of
    other polymeric fibers.


index
MFI
follow


melt
112
(2) Polypropylene(PP) P95
  • 1958?
  • Tm
    169ºC
  • Tg5
    ºC
  • only isotactic PP can be spun into fiber.

H CH3 C C H H
113
A. Fig.2.67 P96
different ratio type of PP
atactic ??
isotactic ??,??
syndiotactic ??,????,??
Stereo block ??????,????
114
(2)Polypropylene(PP)
  • B. Catalyst PP type P96
  • Metellocene catalysts ? atactic
  • (CP2 Ti Cl2/MAO)
  • Cp2Ti(C6H5)MAO ? isotactic
  • C. log?ABlogMFI

0.197
0.50
115
(2)Polypropylene(PP)
  • D. Degradation during processing
  • (i) High sheering force in melt cause in the
    molecular chain
  • (ii) Impurities lead photo

116
  • E. Melt spinning of PP Fiber (filament )
  • (i) The phenomenon of Die swell Fig2.71 2.72
    Table 2.17
  • Viscosity temp Die swell
  • T Die swell Q Die swell
  • ? Die swell do(diameter of
    spinneret) Die swell
  • (ii) crystallinity of PP filament
  • a. start since air quench
  • b. increase dwelling take-up
  • c. depend on molecular weight melt history
  • d. increase proportional to take-up tension

117
(2)Polypropylene(PP)
  • E. Melt spinning of PP Fiber (filament )
  • (iii) orientation
  • a. start since spinneret in minor
  • b. increased with the increase of crystallization
  • c. i.e. after the spinneret about 60 cm
  • d. ? orientation
  • e. v orientation
  • f. Q orientation
  • g. temp orientation

118
(2)Polypropylene(PP)
  • E. Melt spinning of PP Fiber (filament )
  • (iv)stereo regularity Vs crystallization
  • Degree of crystallization, Tc

119
(2)Polypropylene(PP)
  • F.Aftertreatment of Polypropylene
  • Table P104
  • That is a requirement of understanding the
    relationship among the spinning methods,
    final filament size, shrinkage, spinneret and
  • take-up speed.

120
(2)Polypropylene(PP)
  • G. Quench for PP (P106 Fig2.82)
  • The distance between the spinneret should be
    considered based on the Fig.2.82 in page 106
  • H.Upwards spinning for PP 1974 England
  • I. electrostatic spinning of PP

121
(2)Polypropylene(PP)
  • J. Other spinning methods available for PP
  • (i) bicomponent spinning
  • (ii) compact spinning
  • (iii) spun bond spinning
  • (iv) blow fiber spinning
  • K. To heat the extruder connecting head , the
    distribution pipe to each spinning position is
    required recommended

122
(2)Polypropylene(PP)
  • Take-up speed for POY-PP P106
  • Tab 2.19 P107
  • M. High tenacity PP
  • Mv ?150,000 narrow distribution
  • Cv of yarn ?790
  • Tscrew230 ºC
  • T spin head235 ºC T spinneret285 ºC
  • T spin end285 ºC Tshrowd 160 240 º

123
(2)Polypropylene(PP)
  • Draw ratio 18 110
  • Take-up speed in water bath 50100 m/min
  • air quench 600 700
    m/min
  • chip? 2.5 3 tenacity 8.811g /dtex
  • N. See picture of Fig 2.862.87 P109
  • For molding high tenacity PP

Air quench
Wet quench
124
(2)Polypropylene(PP)
  • O. PP proportion of the draw ratio how to
    influence the PP Fiber based on lecture note
    (P108)

125
(3)polyacrylonitrile (PAN) P6,111
  • TmgtT decomposition
  • Tg0ºC(95ºC dry)
  • A. PAN fiber could be made in wet spinning with
    a continuous polymeringation in solution,
    e.g.ZnCl2/water

N H C C C H H
126
(3)polyacrylonitrile (PAN) P6,111
  • B.PAN cant melt P113
  • PAN decomposer below the melting point therefore
    has to be polymerized in a solvent on emulsion.
  • C. PAN dissolved in DMF for dry spinning
  • PAN dissolved in DMAc for wet spinning
  • DMF

127
(3)polyacrylonitrile (PAN) P6,111
  • D. Table 2.21 a-b
  • Problem
  • On the basic of solvent employment,the PAN can be
    obtained from two methods. Please give these
    methods.
  • E. Polymerization of PAN P115116

128
(3)polyacrylonitrile (PAN) P6,111
  • F. The most simple installation for precipitation
    polymerization of PAN is using an autoclave with
    a spinneret cooling jacket. P116
  • G.Description of PAN polymerization
  • Fig 2.93-2.94 P117
  • Fig 2.95 P118

129
(3)polyacrylonitrile (PAN)
  • H. A continuous CAN polymerization
  • Fig 2.96 P118
  • J. Installation to dissolve PAN P119
  • ?Dry spinning DMF 2330
  • Wet spinning DMF ? 1825
  • DMAc ?
  • DMSO ?

T(ºC)110140 PH 6.5 9 T (20 60ºC)
130
(3)polyacrylonitrile (PAN)
  • J.?Dissolving temperature 40 60 ºC it cant be
    exceed 80 ºC(P120).In order to remain the
    concentration of PAN.
  • ?Dissolving vacuum usually be not in the range of
    60 70 mbar as the same reason as before .
  • ?After dissolving, PAN solution must be free of
    clumps.
  • ?Dissolve intensive stirring autoclave
  • the mixer expect a high shear function

131
(3)polyacrylonitrile (PAN)
  • K. Scale of PAN fiber production in world 7000
    t/day,
  • 25 PAN/DMF dry spinning(EU)
  • 12 PAN/DMF wet spinning
  • 22 PAN/DMAc wet spinning
  • L. melt spinning of PAN P121 (Fig 2.100)
  • PAN/DMF solution can be dry span

132
(3)polyacrylonitrile (PAN)
  • M. Description of dry spinning machine for PAN
    (Fig.2.100. P121)
  • Top a screw drive
  • Side top is solution inlet
  • bottom is a heater using electricity
  • After spinning the finest is a telescope tube
    that was insolated, that isa tube with electric
    sheathing isolation

133
(3)polyacrylonitrile (PAN)
  • Note At the top of the conic telescope,that has
    a weak around the spinneret for sucking solvent
    vapor.

134
(4) Polyvinyl chloride (PVC)
  • PVDC
  • DP8001000
  • A. First PVC fiber in 1913 registered by Klatte
  • B. Polymerization of PVC has from different
    processes P122 But for spinning PVC only the
    emulsion suspension methods possible.

135
(4) Polyvinyl chloride (PVC)
  • C. PVC particle size can be 0.01 0.1?
  • D. Post chlorinating of PVC CPVC
  • E. The equipment for solving PVC in the same as
    for PAN
  • F. Before extrusion, PVC has to be flitted at
    least twice.
  • PVC spinning or PAN e.g. dry spinning spinning
    condition is like acetate wet spinning is also
    possible.

136
(4) Polyvinyl chloride (PVC)
  • G.Dry spinning of PVC fiber P123
  • (i) Mixed with sulfurcarbonate/acetone (France)
  • (ii) Mixed with acetone/benzene (Japan)
  • H.The bath drawing PVC fiber in water and the
    drawing has two stages(both in water )

137
(4) Polyvinyl chloride (PVC)
  • I. The syndiotactic pact formed to the low
    temperature used in polymerization
  • And this leads to increase the crystalline
    position ,freezing temperature Tm
  • But the chemical resistance also be increased.

138
(4) Polyvinyl chloride (PVC)
  • J. Synthesize PVC can be dissolved in
    cyclohexanon and extruded into a coagulation both
    of water / cyclohexanon addition solvent ,
    ethanol or acetone
  • K. the washing and drawing of PVC fiber is in
    boiling water,drawing ratio 17
  • L. see Table 2.22 in P124

139
(5) Polyamide (PA)
  • A. Only PA6PA66can be largely produced.
  • B. The number used in here present carbon number
  • C. Cnumber Tm for PA
  • D. PA6 H2N--HN-(-CH2)5-CO-n-COOH
  • spinable PA6 with n130 250 P37

140
(5) Polyamide (PA)
  • E. DP124 lt?rel-1gt (for PA6) P40
  • DP100lt ?rel-1 gt
  • F. Polymerization of PA needs a lactam recycling
    unit for economic reasons. P44
  • G. A description of PA6 polymerization can be
    seen in P47 Fig.2.17
  • Polycondensation for both PA6,PA66 P58

141
(5) Polyamide (PA)
  • H.see VK-tube P48 Fig.2.18
  • I.spinning of PA 6
  • ? Tm depended on final product TAb2.6
  • ? Spinneret take-up speed increased with the
    reduce of air quench cooling length for LOY, but
    on the constantly for POY.
  • P55 Tab 2.7

142
4. Polyvinyl chloride (PVC)
  • However, the individual flamed titer is the main
    factor for above mentioned take-up speed. P56
  • ? Spinning condition for PA6 with various
    application can be seen. P57
  • J. Spinning of PA66 P60

143
(6) Polyester (PES, PET) P67
O O -(CH)2-O-C-
-C-O-
  • A. Spinning of PET fiber of chip with
  • moisture small than 0.004 (P8)
  • B.Transesterification
  • (a) Indirect way DHT and TPA mixed with
  • EG
  • (b) Direct P70 by adding
    glycoterephthalate

144
(6) Polyester (PES, PET) P67
  • C. Different between PET and PBT
  • (a) PET
  • (b) PBT
  • The Tg 40?C for PBT,that is smaller than PET
    e.g. 70 80 ?C (Tg) P67

O O O C C
O (CH2)2
n
O O O C C
O (CH2)4
n
145
(6) Polyester (PES, PET) P67
  • D. Raw material for PET and a Composition
  • of them PMT
  • TPA
  • In general,the use of TPA has advantages in
    increased the polymerization time, reduce cost
    without by product, but equipment more. P67

146
(6) Polyester (PES, PET) P67
  • E. The most efficient catalysts for transes-
  • -terificatin are acetates with Cd, Zn,
    or Co.
  • P69
  • F. The selection of catalytic P72
  • According to Fig.2.39 the increase of
    PET
  • the use of catalyst seems to be
  • sb(CH3COO)3

147
(6) Polyester (PES, PET) P67
  • G. Analysis of thermo-oxidative decomposition for
    PET using DTA (different thermodynamics
    analytics) P73
  • H. Analysis of hydrolytic decomposition for PET
    using dry weighting method to be simplified.

148
(6) Polyester (PES, PET) P67
  • I.The ? of PET chip relate to spinning P75
  • ? sqrt(11.4(?rel-1))-1 /0.7
  • ?rel1 ?(910.35 ?)
  • M(?rel-1.059)104.8
  • ? KM3.5 (K3.627810-12)
  • ?ceE/RT

149
(6) Polyester (PES, PET) P67
  • J . A finishes is still being used today for PET
    P80
  • K. Spinning of PET ---melt
  • L. From finished directly, or continuous
    spinning melt velocity 4 6 cm/s in pipe,
  • Ø 32 100 mm, lt280 ?C ( ? 0.60.7)
  • lt290 ?C (?
    0.9)

150
(6) Polyester (PES, PET) P67
  • M.Take-up of PET filament P87
  • See formula 2.27
  • O. HM-HT cotton type PET staple fiber P91
  • ?0.67 0.72
  • P. PBT 1968 P94
  • Tm225 ?C Tg440 ?C DP100 200

High tenacity
High modular
151
(7) Polyurethanes (PU)
  • A. Wet spinning possible DMF OR DMAc as
  • solvent
  • B. Dry spinning in simple and economic P132
  • 20 25PU in DMF or DMAc ,with
  • ?50150Pa S
  • The tube needs to keep up
  • 140 180 ?C for DMF or DMAc
  • 300 340 ?C for other

152
(7) Polyurethanes (PU)
  • The heat zone can be managed with two or three
    stages

Upper low temperature Down
high temperature
153
Nanofiber-based
Prof. Dr. Zhong-Lin Wang GIT
154
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A summary of different fiber spinning methods
  1. Melt spinning
  2. Wet spinningSolution spinning
  3. Gel spinning
  4. Liquid crystal spinning
  5. Bi-components spinning
  6. Electrospinningelectrostatic spinning
  7. Reaction spinningextruding spinning
  8. Interfacial polycondensation spinning
  9. Emulsion and suspension spinning
  10. Dry spinning
  11. Centrifugation spinning
  12. Laser associated spinning
  13. Coaxial spinning
  14. Assemble induced spinning

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Laser associated spinning
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Centrifugation spinning
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Assemble induced spinning
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Extruding spinning
168
Electrospinning
169
  • Darrell H. Reneker
  • Department of Polymer Science
  • College of Polymer Science and Polymer
    Engineering
  • University of Akron

170
Basic electrospinning apparatus
171

172
Tensile measurement
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General Problems
  • 1. Please describe a melt spinning route with
    necessary steps.
  • 2. Please give 20 possible names on fiber
    formation.
  • 3. Based on the textbook, an extruder is usually
    designed with several areas, and please give the
    name of these areas and do a description briefly.
  • 4. According to the textbook, the valve used in a
    spinning machine could be regarded as two types
    and please gives the names.

174
  • 5. In which case we can find the phenomenon that
    defined as the dead space, please give your
    explanation.
  • 6. How many pump types that you have learnt from
    the textbook? Please give their names and
    describe their relative application.
  • 7. According to the book that the quench chamber
    could be designed with several types and of which
    one has been broadly applied in industry, please
    draw it on your exam paper briefly and give
    related reason.

175
  • 8. One factory able to increase a spin finish
    system in the PA6 filament spinning process
    recently, please help it to do a selection and
    show related reasons.
  • 9. Please do an outline on PA series fibers
    relating to their properties etc.
  • 10. Please design possible fiber spinning route
    for below presented polymers
  • PAN, PET, PTT, PU, PBT, PE, PP, cellulose.
  • 11. The hair of human could be generally regarded
    as a natural fiber, please describe its spinning
    method according to you learnt.

176
  • 12. One method has been known possible for
    forming of a silicon fiber, please give its name
    and do a related description.
  • 13. Please describe the process for rayon fiber
    production.
  • 14. Please draw a picture on an autoclave with
    necessary parts/components.
  • 15. Based on the fiber knowledge, please describe
    the formation of lotus root fiber.
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