DIMACS Workshop on Algorithmic Decision Theory for the Smart Grid Challenges of Generation from Renewable Energy on Transmission and Distribution Operations

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DIMACS Workshop on Algorithmic Decision
Theory for the Smart GridChallenges of
Generation from Renewable Energy on Transmission
and Distribution Operations

• James T. Reilly
• Consultant
• October 25, 2010

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Evolution of Smart Grid

• IntelliGrid Architecture
• Integration of the power and energy delivery
  system and the information system (communication,
  networks, and intelligence equipment) that
  controls it.
• Demand Response / Smart Meters
• Customers reduction or shift in use during peak
  periods in response to price signals or other
  types of incentives.
• Smart meters with two way communications
• Integration of Renewable Energy
• Renewable Portfolio Standards

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IntelliGrid(2000)
Electrical Infrastructure
Intelligence Infrastructure
Integrated Energy and Communications System
Architecture 2001 Rev 0 Architecture 2004
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IntelliGrid VisionPower System of the Future

• A power system made up of numerous automated
  transmission and distribution systems, all
  operating in a coordinated, efficient and
  reliable manner.
• A power system that handles emergency conditions
  with self-healing actions and is responsive to
  energy-market and utility business-enterprise
  needs.
• A power system that serves millions of customers
  and has an intelligent communications
  infrastructure enabling the timely, secure and
  adaptable information flow needed to provide
  reliable and economic power to the evolving
  digital economy.

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Smart Grid Domains(2010)
Source NIST Smart Grid Framework 1.0, September
2009
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Direction of Smart Grid

• To date, the smart grid in the United States has
  been dominated by smart metering and as an
  enabler for demand management.
• Now, the direction is turning towards being an
  enabler for the integration of renewables into
  distribution networks and the bulk power system.

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US Electric Power Industry Net Generation (2008)
Sources U.S. Energy Information Administration,
Form EIA-923, "Power Plant Operations Report.
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Renewable Portfolio Standards
ME 30 x 2000 New RE 10 x 2017
VT (1) RE meets any increase in retail sales x
2012 (2) 20 RE CHP x 2017
WA 15 x 2020
MN 25 x 2025 (Xcel 30 x 2020)
MT 15 x 2015
NH 23.8 x 2025
MI 10 1,100 MW x 2015
MA 22.1 x 2020 New RE 15 x 2020(1
annually thereafter)
ND 10 x 2015

• OR 25 x 2025 (large utilities)
• 5 - 10 x 2025 (smaller utilities)

WI Varies by utility 10 x 2015 statewide
SD 10 x 2015
RI 16 x 2020
NY 29 x 2015
CT 23 x 2020
NV 25 x 2025
IA 105 MW
OH 25 x 2025
PA 18 x 2021

• CO 30 by 2020 (IOUs)
• 10 by 2020 (co-ops large munis)

WV 25 x 2025
NJ 22.5 x 2021
IL 25 x 2025
CA 33 x 2020
KS 20 x 2020
UT 20 by 2025
VA 15 x 2025
MD 20 x 2022
MO 15 x 2021
DE 20 x 2020
AZ 15 x 2025
DC

• NC 12.5 x 2021 (IOUs)
• 10 x 2018 (co-ops munis)

DC 20 x 2020
NM 20 x 2020 (IOUs) 10 x 2020 (co-ops)
TX 5,880 MW x 2015
HI 40 x 2030
29 states DC have an RPS (6 states have goals)
State renewable portfolio standard
Minimum solar or customer-sited requirement

State renewable portfolio goal
Extra credit for solar or customer-sited
renewables

Solar water heating eligible
Includes non-renewable alternative resources
Source Interstate Renewable Energy Council (June
2010)
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Variable Generation Impact on Bulk Power System
Dispatch No Renewables
Study Area Dispatch Week of April 10th No
Renewables
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Variable Generation Impact on Bulk Power System
Dispatch 10 Renewables
Study Area Dispatch Week of April 10th 10 R
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Variable Generation Impact on Bulk Power System
Dispatch 20 Renewables
Study Area Dispatch Week of April 10th 20 R
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Variable Generation Impact on Bulk Power System
Dispatch 30 Renewables
Study Area Dispatch Week of April 10th 30 R
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Tehachapi Wind Generation April 2005
Could you predict the energy production for this
wind park, either day-ahead or 5 hours in
advance?
700
Each Day is a different color.
600

• Day 29

500

• Day 9

400

• Day 5

• Day 26

Megawatts
300

• Average

200
100
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
-100
Hour
Source CAISO
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Variable Generation Impact on Bulk Power System

• Output can be counter to load ramps or faster
  than system ramp
• Unpredictable patterns wind variability and
  large imbalances, esp. during disturbances and
  restoration efforts
• Low capacity factor can be zero at times of
  peak
• Voltage issues low voltage ride through (LVRT)
• Reactive real power control issues
• Frequency Inertial Response issues
• Oversupply conditions

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Operational Issues

• The operational issues created by variable
  generation result from the uncertainty created by
  the variable output and the characteristics of
  the generators themselves, such as the inertial
  response and dynamic response during fault
  conditions. The impacts are also affected by
  factors specific to the particular variable
  generation site, its interconnection to the power
  system, the characteristics of the conventional
  generators within the system being operated, and
  the rules and tools used by the particular system
  operator.
• The operational issues created by variable
  generation can be considered in terms of various
  time frames seconds to minutes, minutes to
  hours, hours to day, day to week, and week to
  year and beyond.

Source Integration of Variable Generation into
the Bulk Power System, NERC. July 2008.
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Operational Issues Time Scale
Source John Adams, GE
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Operational Practices to Accommodate Variable
Generation

• Substantially increase balancing area cooperation
  or consolidation, either real or virtual
• Increase the use of sub-hourly scheduling for
  generation and interchanges
• Increase utilization of existing transmission
• Enable coordinated commitment and economic
  dispatch of generation over wider regions
• Incorporate state of the art wind and solar
  forecasts in unit commitment and grid operations
• Increase the flexibility of dispatchable
  generation where appropriate (e.g., reduce
  minimum generation levels, increase ramp rates,
  reduce start/stop costs or minimum down time)
• Commit additional operating reserves as
  appropriate
• Build transmission as appropriate to accommodate
  renewable energy expansion
• Target new or existing demand response or load
  participation programs to accommodate increased
  variability and uncertainty
• Require wind plants to provide down reserves

Source Western Wind and solar integration study,
May 2010 Prepared for NREL by GE Energy. May
2010. The technical analysis performed in this
study shows that it is operationally feasible for
WestConnect to accommodate 30 wind and 5 solar
energy penetration, assuming these changes to
current practice are made over time.
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DER Interconnection
Distributed Energy Technologies
Interconnection Technologies
Electric Power Systems

• Functions
• Power Conversion
• Power Conditioning
• Power Quality
• Protection
• DER and Load Control
• Ancillary Services
• Communications
• Metering

Utility System
Fuel Cell
PV
Inverter
Micro grids
Micro turbine
Wind
Loads
Local Loads
PHEV V2G
Energy Storage
Load Simulators
Switchgear, Relays, Controls
Generator
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Technologies to Accommodate Renewable Generator
Behaviors

• Energy Storage Intelligent Agent (temporal
  power flow control)
• Solar and Wind Forecasting Tools
• Power Flow Control (spatial)
• Demand Response
• Distributed Generation
• Generator and Load Modeling
• Statistical and Probabilistic Forecasting Tools
• Advanced Intelligent Protection Systems
• Synchrophasor Monitoring

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• Smart Grid
• Reliability
• System Restoration

Reilly Associates PO Box 838 Red Bank, NJ
07701 Telephone [phone] Email
j_reilly_at_verizon.net