Title: Military Force and Terrorism
1Military Force and Terrorism
CHAPTER SIX
Dr. Clayton Thyne PS 235-001 World
Politics Spring 2009 Goldstein Pevehouse,
International Relations, 8/e Student notes
version
2States have many ways to gain leverage
Well begin by talking about conventional forces
3Conventional Forces
- State leaders involved in a conflict can use
- Nonviolent levers
- Violent levers
- Costly to the sender and receiver and tend to be
a last resort - Declining in use over time
4Conventional Forces
- Most states, however, still devote vast resources
to... - Defending territories
- Deter attack
- Compel other states to behave certain ways by
threatening an attack - Humanitarian assistance for disasters
- Surveillance of drug trafficking
- Repression of political dissent
5Conventional Forces
- Great powers continue to
- Military capabilities divide into three types
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6Types of Forces
- Most wars involve a struggle to control
territory. - The fundamental purpose of conventional forces is
to - Armies
- Infantry
- Counter-insurgency
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7Types of Forces
- Navies
- Adapted primarily to
- Aircraft carries
- Air Forces
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- Logistics and intelligence
- Logistical support includes
- Only the US can
8Table 6.1
9common budget figures
budget figures adjusted for money spent
Iraq Afghanistan wars
10US Military Expenditures
- The US military spending was almost two-fifths of
the total. - The US military spending was almost 7 times
larger than the Chinese budget, the second
largest spender. - The US military budget was almost 29 times as
large as the combined spending of the six rogue
states (Cuba, Iran, Libya, North Korea, Sudan and
Syria) who spent 14.65 billion. - It was more than the combined spending of the
next 14 nations. - The United States and its close allies accounted
for some two thirds to three-quarters of all
military spending, depending on who you count as
close allies (typically NATO countries,
Australia, Canada, Israel, Japan and South Korea)
- The six potential enemies, Russia, and China
together spent 139 billion, 30 of the U.S.
military budget.
11Table 6.2
12Evolving Technologies
- Warfare is
- Geographic distances
- Security intertwined w/
- Electronic warfare
- Stealth technology
13Evolving TechnologiesUS military expenditures
14Evolving TechnologiesUS military personell
15Terrorism
- Def
- But one persons freedom fighter is anothers
terrorist. - Shadowy world of faceless enemies and irregular
tactics marked by extreme brutality
16Terrorism
- Primary effect of terrorism is ...
- World Trade Center
- Violation of
- State-sponsored terrorism
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18Weapons of Mass Destruction
- Comprise three general types nuclear, chemical
and biological - Serve different purposes than conventional
weapons -
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19Nuclear Weapons
- Fission weapons
- Two elements can be split or fissioned
uranium-235 and plutonium - Obstacle often is finding fissionable material
- Plutonium bomb is more difficult to build than a
uranium one - Developed during WWII (Manhattan Project)
- EMC2 a little mass a lot of energy
- Eenergy (joules) mmass (Kg)
Cconstant(299,792,458 m/s2) - Fusion weapons
- Extremely expensive and technically demanding
- No splitting of atoms, but rather fusing two
together to
make one larger one, releasing energy - Thermonuclear bombs (H-bombs)
- Heat and radiation
- EMP
- Nuclear winter
- Location of the worlds nukes
- http//archive.greenpeace.org/wmd/
20Ballistic Missiles and Other Delivery Systems
- Delivery systems for getting nuclear weapons to
their targets are the basis of states nuclear
arsenals and strategies. -
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21Figure 6.2
22Table 6.3
23Chemical and Biological Weapons
- A chemical weapon releases chemicals that
disable and kill people. -
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- Biological weapons
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24Proliferation
- The spread of weapons of mass destruction into
the hands of more actors - Two sides to the proliferation argument
- Realists
- Others
- Selling of technology with proliferation potential
25Proliferation
- Arms races in regional conflicts and rivalries
- Non-Proliferation Treaty (1968)
- International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)
- UN agency
26Red nuclear weapons states Orange other known
nuclear powers Violet Formerly possessed nuclear
weapons Yellow Suspected of developing nuclear
weapons Blue At one point had nuclear weapons or
nuclear weapons programs Pink Possess nuclear
weapons, but havent widely adopted them
27Nuclear Strategy and Arms Control
- Nuclear strategy refers to
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- Deterrence
- Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD)
- Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI)
- Antiballistic Missile (ABM) Treaty (1972)
- Strategic Arms Limitation Treaties (SALT)
- Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (CTBT)
28Military Economies
- Given the range of military capabilities
available to states (at various costs), how much
and what types should state leaders choose to
acquire? - Economics of military spending is not so
favorable. - Long run
- Tradeoff
29Military Economies
- Economic conversion
- Arms imports by states in the global South
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30Control of Military Forces
- Command (def)
- Chain of command
- Value of military hierarchy
- Discipline
- Training
- Group solidarity
- Logistical support
- Role of accurate information
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32Control of Military Forces
- Human error
- Military governments
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- Civilian-military relations
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34Control of Military Forces
- ______________ forces operate under strong
civilian control. - Covert operations
- Role of private companies to provide services to
military - Some militias operate outside of
- World order is evolving even as military
technologies do.