Materials for Clean Energy Production and CO2 Reduction

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Materials for Clean Energy Production and CO2
Reduction
Gou-Chung Chi Department of Photonics, National
Chiao Tung University
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• Outline
• Current Status of Taiwans Energy CO2 Emissions
  Situation
• Materials for Energy and the Environment
• Highlights of Clean Energy RD in Taiwan
• Future Prospects

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General Information of Taiwan
?. Current Status of Taiwans Energy CO2
Emissions Situation

• Area36,000 km2
• Population22.61 millions
• GDP US 355.583 billion
• GDP per capita US 15,223
• Exports US 178.320 billion
• Imports US 169.225 billion
• Taiwans industries rank globally
• 1 provider of chip foundry services, with 70 of
  the market worth 9.1 billion
• 1 provider of notebook PCs, with 72 of the
  market worth 24 billion

INER
ReferenceMinistry of Economic Affairs 2007 (2006
data)
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Comparison of Energy Structure
Taiwan
Japan
Germany
Reference 1.Energieversorgung für Deutschland
2006
2.INER, BOE Data, Taiwan
3.APEC Energy Database
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Comparison of CO2 Emission indicators
Taiwan Korea Japan Germany OECD World Taiwan-World Taiwan-World
Taiwan Korea Japan Germany OECD World ranking
CO2 Emission (Mt of CO2) 261.28 448.91 1214.19 813.48 12910 27136 20 0.96
Population (millions) 22.89 48.29 127.76 82.46 1172 6432 - 0.36
GDP per capita (2005 US) 15223.76 16443.76 35671.58 33864.68 29895.39 6947.81 - -
CO2 Emission per capita (t CO2 per capita) 11.41 9.30 9.50 9.87 11.02 4.22 15 -
CO2 per GDP (kg CO2 per 2005 US) 0.75 0.57 0.27 0.29 0.37 0.61 - -
CO2 per GDP PPP (kg CO2 per 2005 US) 0.40 0.42 0.31 0.33 0.60 0.44 - -
CO2 per TPES (t CO2 per toe) 2.47 2.10 2.29 2.36 2.33 2.37 30 -
Reference 1.IEA key world energy Statistics 2007
2.IMF Data and Statistics
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The Challenges of CO2 reduction in Taiwan

• Climate Change
• The CO2 emission ranking of Taiwan is 20th.
• Energy and Industry Structure
• The trend of energy supply is unfavorable for
  reducing CO2 emission due to the nuclear-free
  home land policy.
• The dependence on foreign energy supply is very
  high (98).

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Development of Energy Technology with Low CO2
Emission
100 Coal ( Methane hydrate) ( CO2 Capture and
sequestration)

• Marine energy park
• (Wind Solar Biomass)
• Deep sea water utilization
• (OTEC Cooling)
• Biofuel
• Geothermal
• 100 renewable energy in offshore island

• IGCCCO2 capture and sequestration
• Methane hydrate

(No IGCCCO2 capture and sequestration currently)
100 Renewable /New energy
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Taiwans Advantages in Developing Renewable and
Hydrogen Energy Technology

• Ample renewable energy resources
• Strong manufacturing capabilities for cost-down
  production of hydrogen energy equipment
• Strong commitments to renewable and hydrogen
  energy RD

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?. Materials for Energy and the Environment
Energy/Environment Technology Device/Process Advanced materials
CO2 capture and sequestration Gas adsorption Nanosized high temperature Ca/Mg based sorbent
Hydrogen production storage Light absorption, Gas adsorption/desorption Photocatalytic splitting of water to generate hydrogen via quantum dot solar cells Hydrogen storage using metal organic framework (MOF) with high surface area
Fuel cells Solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) Electrochemical reaction Improved ceramic components for SOFC Electrocatalysts New electrolyte
Photovoltaic solar cell Efficient solar harvesting ?-? semiconductor with multiple junctions Silicon quantum dot
Biomass Cellulose ethanol Pretreatment, hydrolysis, fermentation, and ethanol recovery Development of genetically engineered bacteria and yeast Growth of marine plants
Wind power Land-base off-shore Marine energy park Blades, wind turbine, generators, transformers, power distributors Advanced composite materials for blades of improved strength-mass ratio
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Application of Clean Energy and Environmental
Technology
Primary Energy
Core Technology
System
Application
MOCVD
High Efficiency Solar Cell
kWGWSystem
Community
PECVD
Solar Energy
Building Materials
Thin Film Solar Cell
kW System
Electricity
Quantum Dot Solar Cell
lt 100W System
3C
Hydrogen Production/Storage
Water Splitting
Hydrogen Storage System for FCV
Transportation
MOF
Hydrolysis Fermentation Genetic Engineering
Bio Energy
Biothanol
kWGWSystem
Nanosized Ceramic Powder Atmospheric Plasma Spray
SOFC
Fossil Fuel
SIGCC
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?. Highlights of Clean Energy RD in Taiwan
Solar Water Splitting
2007-2009
2010-2012
2013-2014
2015 2020
Single-junction pc-silicon thin film PEC device
C-silicon bulk PEC device
Photochemical PEC
Multiple junctions a-Si / pc-Si thin film PEC
device
Commercialization at cost of 0.2 USD/Kg H2
Chemical conversion process efficiency EC
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10
5
COST
2 USD/kg
20 USD/kg
N/A
1. Pt Size lt 10nm 2. Pt Density 3. Macroporous
surface 4. Surface oxidation (SiO2) 5. Higher
shottkey barrier (Solar Cell structure)
Solar Water Splitting Voc gt 1.23 eV
Syntheses of Pt nanoparticles by physical or wet
chemical methods
Si thin film electrode
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Current Status of MOF Research for Hydrogen
Storage

• MOF (metal organic framework) has large pore
  volume, high specific surface area and a network
  of pore channels with well-defined hydrogen
  occupation sites and is promising for hydrogen
  storage.
• Bridge-building enhances hydrogen adsorption
  through spillover.
• The maximum hydrogen adsorption capacity at room
  temperature and 6.9 MPa can reach 4.7 wt.

3-D network of pore channel
SEM image of MOF cubic crystals
Comparison of hydrogen uptake for MOFs with and
without bridge-building.
Hydrogen storage cartridge for bridged-MOFs
Bridge-building reducing energy barrier for
spillover
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Development of Advanced Ceramic Components of
SOFC
Atmospheric plasma spraying system
LSGM
Nano YSZ (820nm) and Ni(2040nm)
Ni Substrate
LSCF(2040?m)
LSGM(4565?m)
Nanostructured YSZNi Anode (1525?m)
Ni Substrate (1.01.2mm)
SEM cross sectional view of porous nickel metal
supported YSZ/Ni-LSGM-LSCF
I-V-P performance of porous nickel metal
supported YSZ/Ni-LSGM-LSC
Plasma sprayed SOFC MEA
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?-? Solar Cell Technology Development
Layer structure Self-designed triple junction
solar cell
The efficiency of self-designed solar cell has
achieved 31 in 2006.
Cell Pattern
Tested by INER
Self-designed ?-? solar cell has an efficiency of
31 under 72 suns.
Wafer diced into cells and expanded on the blue
tape
Designed by INER
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Cellulosic Ethanol Development

• FEEDSTOCK

algae
miscanthus
bagasse
rice straw
Ferment-able Sugars
Fermen-tation Process

• PROCESS

Cellulosic Ethanol
Pre-treatment Process
Enzyme Process
Cellulose
Cellulosic Biomass

• TARGET

Pilot plant (1 tons/day)
Mini-scale plant (10kg/batch)
Bench scale (400g/batch)
Lab scale
2005
2006
2007
2009
Year
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A Conceptual Marine Energy Park Land accretion
along the seashore to create a new energy
industry zone

• Cellulose-to-ethanol transformation plants using
  feedstock from on-site algae and electricity from
  on-site green power

• Connecting innovative design of wind turbines
  foundations to form an underwater pasture for
  algae, fishes, or shellfishes
• (see next page)

• High-concentration photovoltaic (HCPV)
  power-generation systems at park and solar energy
  panels with new thin-film materials mounted at
  wind turbine monopole

• Off-shore anti-typhoon design wind turbines with
  new blade materials of improved strength-mass
  ratio and with lighter components

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A Conceptual Underwater Pasture Combined with
Wind and Solar Power Applications
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?. Future Prospects

1. Taiwan is willing to share responsibility in
   addressing the problem of global climate change
   under the principle of fairness and justice.
2. Using advanced materials and clean energy
   technologies to ensure Taiwans energy security
   and to reduce the impact on the environment.
3. Any GHG emission reduction approach should
   consider the global competitiveness of Taiwans
   industries.

Reference Conclusion from Executive Yuan Energy
Policy and ST Development Steering Committee
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Long-term Target of CO2 Reduction -Reduce to 2005
Level
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Thank You for Your Attention