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Health of companion animals

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Health of companion animals ZOONOSES Zoonoses One of the hazards of working with animals Zoonoses An infection that is transmitted naturally from vertebrate animals ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Health of companion animals


1
Health of companion animals
  • ZOONOSES

2
Zoonoses
  • One of the hazards of working with animals

3
Zoonoses
  • An infection that is transmitted naturally from
    vertebrate animals to man
  • Can include bacteria, viruses, fungi, internal
    parasites and arthropods
  • Give new owners advice on hand washing, picking
    up faeces, maintaining internal and external
    parasite control and getting regular vet checks
  • Immuno- compromised people are at special risk
  • All animals leaving the shelter should be health
    checked, vaccinated, wormed and treated for fleas
  • All rearers should have basic health knowledge to
    be able to recognise signs of disease

4
Risks in a Shelter Environment
  • High degree of turnover in animal population
  • High risk of new animals contacting disease
  • Stress, poor nutrition and presence of concurrent
    disease make the transmission of disease more
    likely
  • Animals that enter shelters are regularly roamers
    and scavengers
  • They are often infested with external parasites
  • Staff are at increased risk of being bitten or
    scratched

5
Control of Zoonotic Diseases in the Shelter
  • Often animals may show no clinical signs
  • They can shed disease after recovery
  • Staff must realise any animal can be a potential
    source of infection so must maintain protective
    measures continually
  • Educate staff and volunteers about zoonoses
  • Staff must wear appropriate clothing and PPE
  • Must wash hands between handling animals and
    before eating
  • Appropriate staff should have protective
    vaccination

6
Visceral Larval Migrans
  • Dog and Cat Roundworm
  • Soil or fomites contaminated with eggs from dog
    or cat faeces
  • Ova require several weeks incubation in the soil
    before they become contaminated
  • Intermediate stages migrate through the body as
    part of the life cycle
  • In humans will migrate to the retina, liver,
    lungs or muscle
  • Mostly in children- most common form of blindness
  • Contracted through not washing hands

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Control
  • Dispose of dog and cat faeces daily
  • Deworm animals regularly
  • Good personal hygiene
  • There is no effective treatment known

9
Cutaneous Larval Migrans
  • Hookworm
  • Source
  • Contaminated soil and continually wet areas
  • Larvae viable for several weeks
  • Larvae penetrate through the skin
  • Clinical signs
  • Intense itchiness at site of entry
  • Narrow elevated track along skin
  • May last 50 weeks
  • Treatment is through freezing and medication

10
Human cutaneous larval migrans
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Control
  • Prevent contamination of soil
  • Dispose of dog and cat faeces regularly
  • Deworm every 6 weeks if in an infected area
  • Wash hands
  • Wear gloves when working in soil

12
Leptospirosis
  • From pigs, cattle, rats and dogs
  • From contaminated water around these animals
  • Clinical signs
  • Headache, malaise,renal problems, stiffness
  • L Icterohaemorragia can cause severe illness
  • Treatment is with antibiotics
  • Control
  • Protective clothing
  • Cover wounds
  • Rodent control
  • Protect water supply from animal urine
  • Vaccinate incoming dogs

13
Cat Scratch Fever
  • From cat nails- 17-25 of cats carry the organism
  • Bacteria is transferred from cat to cat by fleas
  • Bacteria
  • Transmitted by scratching
  • Incubation of 3-10 days
  • Fever, pus, chills, enlarged lymph nodes
  • Treatment by antibiotics

14
Hydatid Disease
  • Dog is main host
  • Transmission via eating ova in dog faeces
  • Eggs viable for 6 months
  • Embryonic worms escape from intestine and enter
    the body
  • Cysts are formed in liver,lung, brain,bones
  • May take years to diagnose
  • Symptoms are pain from space occupying lesion
  • Rupture of cyst can cause death from anaphylaxis
  • Treatment is surgery /or drugs

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Control - dont feed raw offal - dont allow
dogs to scavenge - good personal hygiene -
dont allow dogs to lick faces or hands - worm
dogs regularly
17
Ringworm
  • Fungus- Microsporum canis, Trichophyton spp
  • Spores remain viable up to 2 years in the
    environment
  • Incubation period 4-14 days
  • Transmission- direct from infected animal
  • - indirect from bedding and cages
  • Signs- bald patches, red circular welts with
    inflamed edge
  • Treatment is usually topical

18
Human Ringworm lesions
  • Control
  • Check pets
  • Wash hands- general hygiene
  • 1 Halamid is effective at disinfecting the
    environment

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Psittacosis
  • Parrots and cage birds, wild birds,
  • pigeons, chickens
  • Environment and direct contact with
  • nasal, occular faecal discharge of birds
  • Spread by inhalation
  • Incubation 4-15 days
  • Symptoms- chills, fever, headaches,pneumonia, can
    be fatal
  • Treatment by antibiotics
  • Control- isolate sick birds, avoid contact with
    sick birds
  • Clean, air disinfect premises

21
Toxoplasmosis
  • Cat is the primary host- it is infected by direct
    contact with infected faeces or soil or eating
    raw meat or hunting rats, lizards etc
  • From cat faeces, soil and undercooked meat
  • Ingestion of under cooked meat,infected cat
    faeces or soil
  • Symptoms in non pregnant people include mild flu
    like symptoms which may last months
  • In pregnancy the foetus can be severely damaged

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Toxoplasmosis
  • Control
  • Cook all meat before eating
  • Wash hands after handling raw meat
  • Dont feed cats raw meat
  • Keep cats in at night to stop hunting
  • Collect faeces daily and dispose correctly
  • Use gloves when gardening and handling faeces
  • Cover sandboxes
  • Have a blood test before falling pregnant to see
    if positive already- immune if have a positive
    titre

24
Scabies
  • Wild and domestic animals- pigs, dogs, horses,
    wombats, guinea pigs and ferrets
  • Infection is through direct contact
  • Intense itchiness is the main symptom especially
    at night

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Bite Wounds
  • 3-5 of dog bite wounds become infected
  • 20-50 of cat bites become infected
  • Bacteria involved are Staphs, Streps and
    Pasteurella
  • Rapidly developing cellulitis pain, swelling
    and reddening
  • Systemic infection may occur wounds deteriorate
    quickly

27
Treatment
  • Clean immediately after injury otherwise
    infection will occur
  • Flush the wound thoroughly- running water is best
  • Wound may need to be debrided
  • May need hospitalisation, antibiotics and iv
    fluids
  • Prevention is through correct handling- not
    taking risks
  • Read and watch the animal carefully
  • Seek supervisors help

28
Tetanus
  • Severe clonic convulsions and spasms
  • Unable to move unable to swallow,
  • eat etc
  • Need ventilation
  • Tetanus spores are found in soil esp where horses
    have been held ( even 20 years earlier)
  • Enter body through puncture wounds
  • Prevention is by vaccination- compulsory for
    animal workers

Clonic convulsions in a human case of tetanus
29
Salmonella and Campylobacter
  • Naturally occurring in gut of sheep, cattle,
    pigs, birds and reptiles
  • Infection can occur through indirect contact-
    food, infected water
  • Or contact with sick, dead or carrier animals
  • Signs include diarrhoea, vomiting, abdominal pain
  • Prevention is through high standards personal
    hygiene, clean food prep areas

30
Australian Bat Lyssavirus (ABL)
  • Rabies-like disease
  • Encephalitis in humans
  • Fruit bats may or may not show signs
  • Behaving aggressively, or displaying neurological
    signs
  • Abnormal vocalisation, paraparesis, inability to
    fly or being found on the ground and not seeking
    to escape
  • From bites or scratches
  • All bat handlers must be vaccinated against
    Rabies
  • Rabies vaccine and rabies immunoglobulin protect
    against ABL.

31
Hendravirus
  • Causes respiratory neurologic disease in
    horses humans
  • Sources of Infection
  • Placental fluid (Bats)
  • Urine (Horses, Cats, Guinea Pigs)
  • Also
  • Previously called Morbillivirus
  • Similar to Nipah virus of pigs in Malaysia

32
Q fever
  • From cattle, sheep, goats, some birds, wildlife,
    domestic animals and ticks
  • Occurs after contact with animal giving birth
    through inhalation of dust or through scratches
  • Severe flu like symptoms
  • Vaccination is best prevention

33
Reducing the Risks
  • Keep animal in good condition
  • Worm regularly
  • Dont feed dogs raw offal
  • Dont feed cats raw meat
  • Dont allow animals to lick your face
  • Wash hands after handling animals
  • Wear rubber gloves when changing litter trays
  • Dispose of faeces daily
  • Practice good hygiene
  • Get medical advise if bitten- see supervisor
  • Wear compulsory uniform and protective gear when
    required

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The End
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