Eastview High School

1
Reforms and Revolutions AND The Revolutions of
1848 in Europe

• Eastview High School AP European History
• Ch23 Ideologies Upheavals (Sections 4 5)
• McKay, et al. 8th edition

2
Essential Questions

• The battle of ideologies continues where does
  liberalism and nationalism make gains during this
  time?
• How did the political revolution, derailed in
  France and resisted by European monarchs,
  eventually break out again after 1815?
• Why did the revolutionary surge triumph briefly
  in 1848 and then fail almost completely?

3
National Liberation in Greece

• Greek nationalists led by Ypsilanti in 1821
  fought for freedom from the Ottoman Turks
• Ypsilanti fought in the wars against Napoleon
  where he lost an arm.
• He was a popular figure at the Congress of Vienna
• He was a Russian national who was elected leader
  by the Greeks.
• Great Powers supported the Turks, but Britain,
  France, and Russia support the nationalists.
  Greece becomes independent in 1830.

4
Liberal Reforms in Great Britain

• British aristocracy, which controlled the Tory
  party, feared liberalism and worked to repress
  it.
• Corn Law (1815), which protected English
  landowners by stopping importation of foreign
  grain unless the price rose above a certain
  level. Example of aristocratic class power and
  selfishness.
• Corn Laws prompted urban laborers, supported by
  radical intellectuals
• Parliament responded by Six Acts (1819).
  Eliminated mass meetings.

Cartoon of the Six Acts
5
Liberal Reforms in Great Britain

• Growing middle class pressure led to Reform Bill
  of 1832. Increased number of voters.
• House of Commons emerged as the major legislative
  body
• Industrial areas of GB gained representation
• Rotten Boroughs eliminated
• Chartist demand for universal male suffrage
  failed, but Anti-Corn Law league succeeded in
  getting Corn Laws repealed in 1846 and free trade
  established
• 1846, Tory and Whig parties were interested in
  reform and passes Ten Hours Act (1847). Limited
  factory workday women and young people to ten
  hours.

Cartoon of Rotten Boroughs
6
Ireland and the Great Famine

• Most of Ireland were Catholic peasants who rented
  land from lazy greedy English Protestant
  landlords.
• Peasants lived in shocking poverty, with
  tremendous population growth.
• Population growth due to potato cultivation,
  early marriage, and high rents
• 1820 on the potato crop was often diseased and
  ended up in starvation
• Relief efforts were inadequate. Landlords
  insisted on rents, government on taxes. Led to
  mass evictions.
• Millions died or left Ireland. Anti-British
  feeling and Irish nationalism followed

7
Revolution of 1830 in France

• Louis XVIIIs Constitutional Charter of 1814,
  although undemocratic, protected the people
  against a return to royal absolutism and
  aristocratic privilege. Louis dies in 1824.
• Charles X tries to rally French nationalism and
  popular support through a war with Algeria.
• Charles X tried to re-establish the old order and
  repudiated the Constitutional Charter of 1830 in
  an attempted coup in July 1830.
• New king, Louis Philippe, accepted the
  Constitutional Charter of 1814 but did little
  more than protect the rich upper middle class.

Louis XVIII
Charles X
Louis Philippe
8
Democratic Republic of France

• Refusal of King Louis Philippe and Guizot (chief
  minister) to bring about electoral sparked a
  revolt in Paris in 1848.
• Revolt led to a provisional republic, universal
  male suffrage, and more.
• Revolutionary coalition couldnt agree on a
  common program. Moderate liberal republicans
  split with the radical socialist republicans
• Artisans hated cutthroat capitalism and wanted
  stronger craft unions
• National workshops were a compromise between the
  socialist demands for guaranteed work and the
  moderates determination to provide temporary
  relief for the massive unemployment

9
Revolution of 1848 in France

• Fear of socialism led to a clash of class
• Workers invaded the Constituent Assembly and
  tried to proclaim a new revolutionary government.
• The Assembly dissolved the workshops in Paris
• Closing of the workshops led to a violent
  uprising (June Days)
• Class war led to the election of a strongman,
  Louis Napoleon, as president in 1848.

10
Revolution of 1848 in Austria

• Revolution in France resulted in popular upheaval
  throughout central Europe, but in the end
  conservative reaction won
• Hungarian nationalism resulted in revolution
  against the Austrian overlords
• Under Kossuth, the Hungarians demanded national
  autonomy, civil liberties, and universal suffrage
• Emperor Ferdinand I promised reforms and a
  liberal constitution
• Serfdom was abolished

11
Restoring order in Austria 1848

• Conflict among nationalities (Hungarians vs
  Croats, Serbs and Romanians Czechs vs. Germans)
  encouraged by the monarchy, weakened the
  revolution.
• Alliance of the working and middle classes soon
  collapsed.
• Conservative aristocrats crushed the revolution
  after rallying around a point made by the
  archduchess Sophia.
• She insisted that Ferdinand had no heir and that
  her son should be on the throne.
• Francis Joseph was crowned emperor in 1848
• Russian army helped defeat the Hungarians

Francis Joseph was crowned emperor after his 18th
birthday
12
Revolution of 1848 in Prussia

• Middle class Prussians want to create a unified
  liberal Germany
• Working class people of Prussia demanded and got
  a liberal constitution from Fredrick William IV.
• Further workers demands for suffrage and
  socialist reforms caused fear among the
  aristocracy.
• Frankfurt National Assembly of 1848 was
  middle-class liberal body that began writing a
  constitution for a unified Germany
• War with Denmark over Schleswig-Holstein ended
  with a rejection of the Frankfurt Assembly by
  newly elected Frederick William and failure of
  German liberalism.

13
Questions for your review

1. Which countries ultimately supported the
   nationalists in Greece?
2. How would you characterize the Tory party?
3. How would you characterize the Whig party?
4. What were the revisions to the Corn Law (1815)
   intended to do?
5. What were the consequences of the repeal of the
   Corn Law?
6. What were the consequences of the English Reform
   Bill of 1832?
7. What act precipitated the Revolution of 1830 in
   Paris?
8. Who were the winners of the Revolution of 1830
   in France?
9. To whom can the success of the Revolution of 1830
   in France be attributed?
10. Who was Guizot?
11. Which French socialist participated in the
    provisional government in Paris 1848?
12. What were the causes of the 1848 Revolution in
    France?
13. What has changed at the conclusion of the
    Revolution of 1848 in France?
14. Where did revolution begin in the Austrian Empire
    (1848)?
15. What were the causes of the 1848 Revolution in
    Austria?
16. What was archduchess Sophias role in the
    Revolution?
17. What did the Hapsburgs exploit to defeat the
    revolutionary coalition?
18. After Austria, what was the most important German
    state?
19. What groups composed the National Assembly that
    met in Frankfurt in 1848?