The Global Environmental Industry and its Relationship to Monitoring

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The Global Environmental Industry and its
Relationship to Monitoring Compliance in
Developing NationsGrant Ferrier, PresidentJim
Hight, Research Project ManagerEnvironmental
Business International Inc.EBI Inc. is an
independent research publishing company
(Environmental Business Journal) specializing in
the environmental industry since 1988, based in
San Diego, California, USA OECD funded project
to identify and profile examples of monitoring
compliance programs involving imports of
environmental goods services detailed results
to be published in early 2006
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Case Studies in Monitoring Compliance

• Project Summary
• Monitoring compliance programs are undeveloped
  and require technology and assistance in set-up
  and operation
• Trade barriers are not insurmountable, but most
  projects are test projects allowing special
  considerations for imports
• Use of technology, experience of project managers
  and resulting information flow to agencies and
  the public inspires program managers that
  compliance objectives can be enforceable and
  attainable, and creates pressure for
  administrations to launch enforcement initiatives
• Projects demonstrate capacity building in
  technical ability to collect analyze monitoring
  data

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Case Studies Profiled

• 1. Jorf Lasfar Energy Company Coal Power Plant
  Air Quality Monitoring Project, El Jadida,
  Morocco (130 km west of Casablanca)
• 2. Metro Manila Air Quality Monitoring Project,
  Philippines
• 3. Malaysia Air Quality Monitoring Network
• 4. Jakarta Health Risk Monitoring Project
  Exposure to Particulate Matter and Carbon
  Monoxide, Indonesia
• 5. Fuel Testing for Air Quality Project, Tamil
  Nadu, India

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Morocco Coal Power Plant

• Jorf Lasfar Energy Company Coal Power Plant
  1,350 MW power plant was built in 1996 with
  funding from International Bank for
  Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) and
  USA-based Overseas Private Investment Corporation
  (OPIC).
• 1.5 billion project budget included 250,000 for
  air monitoring equipment and related services
• Air monitoring station established with
  continuous monitors for SO2 and NOx and highball
  samplers for total suspended particulates (TSP)
  and respirable particulates (PM10).
• Two meteorological stations also established.

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Morocco Coal Power Plant 2

• Consultants from URS Corp. audit the stations
  performance and train staff as needed.
• Over 10 years, the system consistently achieved
  valid data capture rates above 90.
• Data have shown the plant meets World Bank or WHO
  guidelines for air quality.
• Data have also identified another nearby
  industrial source of air pollution.
• The government and plant operators know that
  electricity is generated without significant
  adverse impacts on the environment.

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Metro Manila Air Quality

• Metro Manila Air Quality Monitoring Project
  (Philippines)
• In 2004, Philippine Department of Environment and
  Natural Resources (DENR) contracted with TRC
  Environmental Corp. for a three-year Outsource
  Sampling Program as part of Metro Manila Air
  Quality Improvement Sector Development Project
  (MMAQISDP).
• 2.3-million project was funded by Asian
  Development Bank.
• TRCs Filipino partner, Technical Experts on
  Environmental Management (TEEM) provide manpower
  for data collection.
• Four teams of technicians are deploying mobile
  testing sets to measure stack emissions of PM10,
  SO2, NOx, CO and heavy metals from 1,000 sources.

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Metro Manila Air Quality 2

• At conclusion, monitoring gear and lab equipment
  will be turned over to DENR, whose staff are
  being trained to use the equipment.
• 60 of the 500 emitters tested so far have failed
  one or more criteria of the Philippine clean air
  law.
• Data will assist the government in enforcing its
  1999 clean air law, which is comparable to the
  U.S. Clean Air Act.
• 170,000 worth of equipment was imported from
  Japan and the United States.
• Tariffs for the equipment were waived because of
  government sponsorship, but clearing shipments
  through customs required specialized consultants
  working about 40 person-hours per shipment. For
  six shipments, approx. 240 consultant hours have
  been expended.

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Malaysia Air Quality Monitoring Network

• ASMA joint venture was created in 1995 by Bovar
  (Canada) and PIC Corp. (Malaysia) to finance,
  build, own and operate a national air quality
  monitoring system.
• Under 20-year contract, ASMA earns revenues by
  selling data to Malaysia Dept. of Environment,
  the media and others manages Environmental
  Quality Data Center for air and water.
• The 6 million system includes 51 continuous
  monitoring stations for CO, SO2, NOx, PM10 and
  O3, and 25 manual stations (checked every six
  days) for TSP, PM10 and heavy metals.
• Equipment is mostly U.S.-made (Teledyne API and
  Met One) including analyzers, calibraters,
  sampling systems, telemetry infrastructure, etc.

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Malaysia Air Quality Monitoring Network

• Imports were exempted from tariffs for first four
  years, but ASMA required special license to
  import gauges with low-level radioactivity.
• System provides real-time updates every 15
  minutes with a data capture rate of more than
  95. (Audited by USEPA)
• During 1997 smoke haze crisis, government
  temporarily banned air quality data release to
  media, but used data to target public health
  response toward worst effected areas.
• Full disclosure policy now in force again.
• ASMA data provided evidence for Malaysia Univ. of
  Science and Technology study which recommends
• Expand network and facilitate greater public
  access.
• Create air quality standards, rather than
  guidelines.
• Require periodic emissions inspections for
  vehicles.

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Jakarta Health Risk Monitoring Project

• Monitor citizens exposure to Particulate Matter
  and Carbon Monoxide (PM and CO) pollutants of
  concern in Jakarta due to leaded gasoline and
  lack of catalytic converters in vehicles.
  (Respiratory illness is 1 killer of children
  under 5 in Indonesia.)
• 200,000 budget from US-Asia Environmental
  Partnership (USAID) and partners University of
  Indonesia, University of California (Berkeley and
  UCLA) and Swisscontact. Manpower was provided by
  University of Indonesia staff and students,
  trained by U.S. partners.
• Using portable equipment in backpacks,
  investigators shadowed 50 individuals --
  students, traffic officers and others -- for
  8-hour and 24-hour periods.

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Jakarta Health Risk Monitoring Project

• State-of-the-art equipment for measuring PM (from
  0.1 microns to 2.5 microns) and CO was borrowed
  and purchased most items from TSI Data is in
  process, but preliminary results show very
  hazardous exposure levels.
• Identifies pollutant sources -- gasoline diesel
  vehicles, garbage burning, etc. -- with high
  degrees of specificity, allowing the targeting of
  regulations or enforcement action to protect
  public health.
• The project is inspiring local staff with a
  vision of effective air quality regulations in
  city and national environmental agencies but a
  lack of resources constrains their capabilities.
• To avoid the delays associated with Indonesian
  customs, project equipment was imported with U.S.
  embassy diplomatic privileges. Importing the
  equipment commercially would have caused 8 to 12
  week delays and added costs.

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Fuel Testing for Air Quality, India

• A laboratory and sampling program in Chennai,
  Tamil Nadu, India, to detect and report cases of
  adulterated vehicle fuels, a major source of air
  pollution in India.
• The project was organized by CONCERT (Center for
  Consumer Education, Research Teaching, Training
  and Testing) with funding from the U.S. Council
  of State Governments and US-Asia Environmental
  Partnership, and technical support from the
  California Air Resources Board.
• All equipment was manufactured in India, but
  budgetary constraints made it impossible to
  purchase the most sophisticated analytical
  equipment, which is commonly used by oil
  companies for quality control.
• After analyzing more than 60 retail gasoline and
  diesel fuel samples, data suggests contamination
  of adulterants at high levels.

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Fuel Testing for Air Quality, India

• CONCERT intends to expand sampling program,
  upgrade and procure additional lab equipment,
  establish a mobile laboratory to collect and test
  samples in the field, seek greater enforcement by
  government agencies and increase outreach to
  retail fuel dealers.
• Widespread fuel testing, coupled with greater
  enforcement, would significantly improve air
  quality throughout India.
• While monitoring equipment is available within
  India, what is needed is a funded network of
  facilities and sampling programs. At present
  CONCERT is the only NGO in India that has
  established such a facility and sampling program.
• CONCERT and prospective fuel testing entities
  also need funds to purchase more modern,
  sophisticated equipment to increase the speed and
  efficacy of testing.