Title: LESSONS LEARNED FROM PAST NOTABLE DISASTERS CHILE PART 3: EARTHQUAKES AND TSUNAMIS B: Other Notable Earthquakes
1LESSONS LEARNED FROM PAST NOTABLE
DISASTERSCHILEPART 3 EARTHQUAKES AND
TSUNAMISB Other Notable Earthquakes
Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster
Reduction, Vienna, Virginia, USA
2NATURAL HAZARDS THAT HAVE CAUSED DISASTERS IN
CHILE
FLOODS
GOAL PROTECT PEOPLE AND COMMUNITIES
WINDSTORMS
EARTHQUAKES/TSUNAMIS
HIGH BENEFIT/COST FROM BECOMING DISASTER
NRESILIENT
VOLCANOES
WILDFIRES
GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE
3Natural Phenomena That Cause Disasters
- Planet Earths heat flow causes movement of
lithospheric plates, which causes subduction,
which causes EARTHQUAKES
4CHILE THE SOUTH AMERICAN AND NAZCA PLATES
5CHILES CITIES (NOTE CONEPCION)
6LOCATION OF M9.5 MAY 22, 1960 EARTHQUAKE
7TWENTY-FIVE YEARS LATERM7.5 EARTHQUAKE STRIKES
CHILE MARCH 3, 1985
- THE SECOND LARGEST EARTHQUAKE IN THE WORLD AFTER
MEXICO IN 1985
8LOCATION OF MARCH 3, 1985 EARTHQUAKE
9IMPACTS OF THE EARTHQUAKE AND TSUNAMI
- Damage from strong ground shaking occurred
throughout central Chile. - At least 177 people were killed, and 2,575
injured. - A tsunami was also generated, and its waves
traversed the Pacific, striking Valparaíso,
Hawaii, Alaska, Tahiti, and Japan
10FIFTY YEARS LATERM8.8 EARTHQUAKE STRIKES CENTRAL
CHILE334 am on February 27, 2010
- Subduction Zone Quake 500 Times More Energy than
the M7.0 March 12, 2010 Haiti Quake - 800 Deaths 500 Injured
- Tsunami Waves Travel Across Pacific
- Estimated Loss 30 Billion
11LOCATION 100 KM FROM CONCEPCION 330 KM FROM
SANTIAGO
12The Chilean people had to cope with the demands
associated with 1) a mega-quake, 2) a vigorous
aftershock sequence with large events, 3) local
tsunami wave run up, 4) looting in the affluent
sector, and 5) recovery after the loss of 15
percent of the GDP.
13LOCATION 330 KM (200 MI) FROM SANTIAGO (THE
CAPITAL)
14The quakes hypocenter was at a depth of 37 km
(22 miles)
15DAMAGE IN HAITI (LEFT) MUCH WORSE THAN IN CHILE
(RIGHT)
16Even though Chile has experienced many past
earthquakes, had been implementing a modern
building code since the 1960-85 events, and was
well prepared to respond to all aspects of the
emergency, it was still a disaster.
17Newly built apartment buildings were severely
damaged or collapsed. Flames consumed buildings
and a prison. Millions of people fled into
streets darkened by the failure of power lines.
Roads were damaged and bridges collapsed, causing
cars and trucks to crash.
18An estimated 1 ½ million buildings were damaged,
with about 1/3 of them collapsing, along with
extensive and wide spread damage to the
infrastructure.
19The damage, an estimated 30 billion, was
equivalent to 15 percent of Chiles gross
domestic product.
20Swiss Re, the world's second-largest reinsurer,
said the impact on the financial/insurance sector
would be between 4 and 7 billion.
21CONCEPCION INTL SPACE STATION PHOTO
22PRESIDENT BACHELET VIEWING DAMAGE IN CONCEPCION
23DAMAGED BUILDING IN CONCEPCION
24FIRE AT CONCEPCION 90 KM FROM EPICENTER
25CONCEPCION DAMAGED BUILDING
26DAMAGED BUILDING DETAIL CONCEPCION
27CONCEPCION URGENT MASS CARE NEEDS
28CONCEPCION LOOTERS
29SEARCH AND RESCUE CONCEPCION
30TALCA DAMAGE TO HOUSES
31TALCA DAMAGE TO HOUSES
32TALCA DAMAGED HOTEL
33INTERIOR DAMAGE
34SANTIAGO DAMAGED BUILDINGS
35SANTIAGO DAMAGE TO CHURCH
36DAMAGE TO BUREO BRIDGEHIGHWAY 5
37TALCA DAMAGE TO BRIDGE (300 KM S OF SANTIAGO)
38CONCEPCION ELEVATED HIGHWAY COLLAPSED
39ELEVATED HIGHWAY COLLAPSE DETAIL
40ELEVATED HIGHWAY COLLAPSE DETAIL
41ELEVATED HIGHWAY COLLAPSE DETAIL
42MOTOR WAY IN SANTIAGO
43The aftershocks of the mega-earthquake provided
an opportunity for measuring ground and
building response for a range of excitation
levels and site conditions.
44 Damage from tsunami wave run up was worse
locally along the coast of Chile than at distant
locations along the Pacific rim.
45LOCAL TSUNAMI DAMAGE
46TALCAHUANO PORT LOCAL TSUNAMI DAMAGE
47TALCAHUANO PORT LOCAL TSUNAMI DAMAGE
48PELLEHUE, CHILE AFTER TSUNAMI WAVE RUNUP
49DICHATO, CHILE AFTER TSUNAMI WAVE RUNUP
50TSUNAMI WAVES MOVE ACROSS THE PACIFIC
51TSUNAMI WARNING CENTER ALERTS HAWAII OTHER
LOCATIONS
52HAWAII 15 HOUR ADVANCE WARNING
53FORTUNATELY, THE TSUNAMI WAVE RUNUP IN SOUTHERN
CALIFORNIA, HAWAII, AMERICAN SAMOA, GUAM, JAPAN,
AND OTHER LOCATIONS IN THE PATH OF THE TSUNAMI
WAVES TRAVERSING THE PACIFIC WAS LESS THAN
FORECAST.
54ELEMENTS OF EARTHQUAKE AND TSUNAMI RISK
RISK
55CAUSES OF DAMAGE
INADEQUATE RESISTANCE TO HORIZONTAL GROUND SHAKING
SOIL AMPLIFICATION
PERMANENT DISPLACEMENT (SURFACE FAULTING GROUND
FAILURE)
IRREGULARITIES IN ELEVATION AND PLAN
EARTHQUAKES
FIRE FOLLOWING RUPTURE OF UTILITIES
DISASTER LABORATORIES
LACK OF DETAILING AND CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS
INATTENTION TO NON-STRUCTURAL
ELEMENTS
56CAUSES OF DAMAGE
HIGH VELOCITY IMPACT OF INCOMING WAVES
INLAND DISTANCE OF WAVE RUNUP
VERTICAL HEIGHT OF WAVE RUNUP
INADEQUATE RESISTANCE OF BUILDINGS
TSUNAMIS
FLOODING
DISASTER LABORATORIES
INADEQUATE HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL EVACUATION
PROXIMITY TO SOURCE OF TSUNAMI
57A DISASTER CAN HAPPENWHEN THE POTENTIAL
DISASTER AGENTS OF AN EARTHQUAKE OR A TSUNAMI
INTERACT WITH CHILES COMMUNITIES OR WITH THE
COMMUNITIES OF ANOTHER PACIFIC RIM COUNTRY
58A DISASTER is ---
- --- the set of failures that overwhelm the
capability of a community to respond without
external help when three continuums 1) people,
2) community (i.e., a set of habitats,
livelihoods, and social constructs), and 3)
complex events (e.g., earthquakes, tsunamis,)
intersect at a point in space and time.
59THE ALTERNATIVE TO AN EARTHQUAKE--TSUNAMI
DISASTER ISEARTHQUAKE AND TSUNAMI DISASTER
RESILIENCE
60CHILES COMMUNITIES
DATA BASES AND INFORMATION
HAZARDS GROUND SHAKING GROUND FAILURE
SURFACE FAULTING TECTONIC DEFORMATION TSUNAMI RUN
UP AFTERSHOCKS