LESSONS LEARNED FROM PAST NOTABLE DISASTERS CHILE PART 3: EARTHQUAKES AND TSUNAMIS B: Other Notable Earthquakes - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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LESSONS LEARNED FROM PAST NOTABLE DISASTERS CHILE PART 3: EARTHQUAKES AND TSUNAMIS B: Other Notable Earthquakes

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Title: LESSONS LEARNED FROM PAST NOTABLE DISASTERS CHILE PART 3: EARTHQUAKES AND TSUNAMIS B: Other Notable Earthquakes


1
LESSONS LEARNED FROM PAST NOTABLE
DISASTERSCHILEPART 3 EARTHQUAKES AND
TSUNAMISB Other Notable Earthquakes
Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster
Reduction, Vienna, Virginia, USA 
2
NATURAL HAZARDS THAT HAVE CAUSED DISASTERS IN
CHILE
FLOODS
GOAL PROTECT PEOPLE AND COMMUNITIES
WINDSTORMS
EARTHQUAKES/TSUNAMIS
HIGH BENEFIT/COST FROM BECOMING DISASTER
NRESILIENT
VOLCANOES
WILDFIRES
GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE
3
Natural Phenomena That Cause Disasters
  • Planet Earths heat flow causes movement of
    lithospheric plates, which causes subduction,
    which causes EARTHQUAKES

4
CHILE THE SOUTH AMERICAN AND NAZCA PLATES
5
CHILES CITIES (NOTE CONEPCION)
6
LOCATION OF M9.5 MAY 22, 1960 EARTHQUAKE
7
TWENTY-FIVE YEARS LATERM7.5 EARTHQUAKE STRIKES
CHILE MARCH 3, 1985
  • THE SECOND LARGEST EARTHQUAKE IN THE WORLD AFTER
    MEXICO IN 1985

8
LOCATION OF MARCH 3, 1985 EARTHQUAKE
9
IMPACTS OF THE EARTHQUAKE AND TSUNAMI
  • Damage from strong ground shaking occurred
    throughout central Chile.
  • At least 177 people were killed, and 2,575
    injured.
  • A tsunami was also generated, and its waves
    traversed the Pacific, striking Valparaíso,
    Hawaii, Alaska, Tahiti, and Japan

10
FIFTY YEARS LATERM8.8 EARTHQUAKE STRIKES CENTRAL
CHILE334 am on February 27, 2010
  • Subduction Zone Quake 500 Times More Energy than
    the M7.0 March 12, 2010 Haiti Quake
  • 800 Deaths 500 Injured
  • Tsunami Waves Travel Across Pacific
  • Estimated Loss 30 Billion

11
LOCATION 100 KM FROM CONCEPCION 330 KM FROM
SANTIAGO
12
The Chilean people had to cope with the demands
associated with 1) a mega-quake, 2) a vigorous
aftershock sequence with large events, 3) local
tsunami wave run up, 4) looting in the affluent
sector, and 5) recovery after the loss of 15
percent of the GDP.
13
LOCATION 330 KM (200 MI) FROM SANTIAGO (THE
CAPITAL)
14
The quakes hypocenter was at a depth of 37 km
(22 miles)
15
DAMAGE IN HAITI (LEFT) MUCH WORSE THAN IN CHILE
(RIGHT)
16
Even though Chile has experienced many past
earthquakes, had been implementing a modern
building code since the 1960-85 events, and was
well prepared to respond to all aspects of the
emergency, it was still a disaster.
17
Newly built apartment buildings were severely
damaged or collapsed. Flames consumed buildings
and a prison. Millions of people fled into
streets darkened by the failure of power lines.
Roads were damaged and bridges collapsed, causing
cars and trucks to crash.
18
An estimated 1 ½ million buildings were damaged,
with about 1/3 of them collapsing, along with
extensive and wide spread damage to the
infrastructure.
19
The damage, an estimated 30 billion, was
equivalent to 15 percent of Chiles gross
domestic product.
20
Swiss Re, the world's second-largest reinsurer,
said the impact on the financial/insurance sector
would be between 4 and 7 billion.
21
CONCEPCION INTL SPACE STATION PHOTO
22
PRESIDENT BACHELET VIEWING DAMAGE IN CONCEPCION
23
DAMAGED BUILDING IN CONCEPCION
24
FIRE AT CONCEPCION 90 KM FROM EPICENTER
25
CONCEPCION DAMAGED BUILDING
26
DAMAGED BUILDING DETAIL CONCEPCION
27
CONCEPCION URGENT MASS CARE NEEDS
28
CONCEPCION LOOTERS
29
SEARCH AND RESCUE CONCEPCION
30
TALCA DAMAGE TO HOUSES
31
TALCA DAMAGE TO HOUSES
32
TALCA DAMAGED HOTEL
33
INTERIOR DAMAGE
34
SANTIAGO DAMAGED BUILDINGS
35
SANTIAGO DAMAGE TO CHURCH
36
DAMAGE TO BUREO BRIDGEHIGHWAY 5
37
TALCA DAMAGE TO BRIDGE (300 KM S OF SANTIAGO)
38
CONCEPCION ELEVATED HIGHWAY COLLAPSED
39
ELEVATED HIGHWAY COLLAPSE DETAIL
40
ELEVATED HIGHWAY COLLAPSE DETAIL
41
ELEVATED HIGHWAY COLLAPSE DETAIL
42
MOTOR WAY IN SANTIAGO
43
The aftershocks of the mega-earthquake provided
an opportunity for measuring ground and
building response for a range of excitation
levels and site conditions.
44
Damage from tsunami wave run up was worse
locally along the coast of Chile than at distant
locations along the Pacific rim.
45
LOCAL TSUNAMI DAMAGE
46
TALCAHUANO PORT LOCAL TSUNAMI DAMAGE
47
TALCAHUANO PORT LOCAL TSUNAMI DAMAGE
48
PELLEHUE, CHILE AFTER TSUNAMI WAVE RUNUP
49
DICHATO, CHILE AFTER TSUNAMI WAVE RUNUP
50
TSUNAMI WAVES MOVE ACROSS THE PACIFIC
51
TSUNAMI WARNING CENTER ALERTS HAWAII OTHER
LOCATIONS
52
HAWAII 15 HOUR ADVANCE WARNING
53
FORTUNATELY, THE TSUNAMI WAVE RUNUP IN SOUTHERN
CALIFORNIA, HAWAII, AMERICAN SAMOA, GUAM, JAPAN,
AND OTHER LOCATIONS IN THE PATH OF THE TSUNAMI
WAVES TRAVERSING THE PACIFIC WAS LESS THAN
FORECAST.
54
ELEMENTS OF EARTHQUAKE AND TSUNAMI RISK
RISK
55
CAUSES OF DAMAGE
INADEQUATE RESISTANCE TO HORIZONTAL GROUND SHAKING
SOIL AMPLIFICATION
PERMANENT DISPLACEMENT (SURFACE FAULTING GROUND
FAILURE)
IRREGULARITIES IN ELEVATION AND PLAN
EARTHQUAKES
FIRE FOLLOWING RUPTURE OF UTILITIES
DISASTER LABORATORIES
LACK OF DETAILING AND CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS
INATTENTION TO NON-STRUCTURAL
ELEMENTS
56
CAUSES OF DAMAGE
HIGH VELOCITY IMPACT OF INCOMING WAVES
INLAND DISTANCE OF WAVE RUNUP
VERTICAL HEIGHT OF WAVE RUNUP
INADEQUATE RESISTANCE OF BUILDINGS
TSUNAMIS
FLOODING
DISASTER LABORATORIES
INADEQUATE HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL EVACUATION
PROXIMITY TO SOURCE OF TSUNAMI
57
A DISASTER CAN HAPPENWHEN THE POTENTIAL
DISASTER AGENTS OF AN EARTHQUAKE OR A TSUNAMI
INTERACT WITH CHILES COMMUNITIES OR WITH THE
COMMUNITIES OF ANOTHER PACIFIC RIM COUNTRY
58
A DISASTER is ---
  • --- the set of failures that overwhelm the
    capability of a community to respond without
    external help  when three continuums 1)  people,
    2) community (i.e., a set of habitats,
    livelihoods, and social constructs), and 3)
    complex events (e.g., earthquakes, tsunamis,)
    intersect at a point in space and time.

59
THE ALTERNATIVE TO AN EARTHQUAKE--TSUNAMI
DISASTER ISEARTHQUAKE AND TSUNAMI DISASTER
RESILIENCE
60
CHILES COMMUNITIES
DATA BASES AND INFORMATION
HAZARDS GROUND SHAKING GROUND FAILURE
SURFACE FAULTING TECTONIC DEFORMATION TSUNAMI RUN
UP AFTERSHOCKS
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