SEJARAH FILSAFAT

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SEJARAH FILSAFAT

• Trias Mahmudiono, S.KM, MPH
• Departemen Gizi Kesehatan
• FKM UNAIR

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Sejarah Ilmu Pengetahuan

• Pembagian periodisasi filsafat Barat ? zaman
  (Kuno, Abad Pertengahan, Modern, Kini)
• Pembagian periodisasi filsafat Cina ? zaman
  (Kuno, Pembaruan, Neo-Konfusionisme, Modern)
• Pembagian periodisasi filsafat India ? periode
  (Weda, Wiracarita, Sutra-Sutra, Skolastik)
• Periode Filsafat Yunani ? sangat penting ?
  menjadi acuan

• Pemikiran filsafat banyak dipengaruhi oleh
  lingkungan
• Pd dasarnya filsafat (Barat, India, Cina) muncul
  ? sifat yg religius
• Di Yunani (mitos), India (Weda, Hindu), Cina
  (confusius)
• Barat mitos ? diganti rasio
• India tidak pernah lepas induknya ? Agama Hindu

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Historisitas

• Sejarah filsafat barat dibagi menjadi tiga, yaitu
  zaman Yunani Kuno dengan ciri pemikirannya
  bersifat kosmosentris
• Zaman Pertengahan dengan ciri pemikirannya yang
  bercorak teosentris
• Zaman Modern dengan ciri pemikirannya yang
  bercorak antroposentris
• Zaman Kontemporer dengan ciri pemikiran
  logosentris.

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YUNANI - KUNO
ABAD TENGAH
ABAD MODERN
ABAD KONTEMPORER
6SM
3SM - 6M
14M
18M
19M
20M
14-15M
RASIONALISME EMPIRISME KRITISISME IDEALISME POSITI
VISME
FENOMENOLOGI STRUKTURALISME NEOPOSITIVISME
ANCILLA THEOLOGIAE
RENAISSANCE
AUFKLARUNG
MITOS
LOGOS
FILSAFAT
THEOLOGI
FAKTOR HEURISTIK
ILMU CABANG
BIOLOGI ASTRONOMI MATEMATIKA FISIKA KIMIA SOSIOLOG
I
KOMPUTER PARIWISATA DLL.
AGAMA FILSAFAT
FILSAFAT
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YUNANI KUNO
MITOS ..... - 6SM LOGOS 3SM - 6M
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FILSAFAT
Phylo menyenangi Sophia bijaksana
MITOLOGI
Dongeng, Takhayul
Pertanyaan timbul (ingin tahu)
DE-MITOLOGI
Dipikirkan (secara kritis)
LOGOS (ilmu)
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Apakah ARCHE dari segala sesuatu yang ada ?
Thales (624 - 548 SM)
AIR
Anaximander (610 - 518 SM)
APEIRON
Anaximanes (590 - 518 SM)
UDARA
Phytagoras (580 - 500 SM)
BILANGAN
Demokritos (460 - 370 SM)
ATOM
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SOCRATES (469 - 399SM)
Dialektika
PLATO (427 - 347 SM)
Rasionalisme
ARISTOTELES (384 - 322 SM)
Metafisika Logika Biologi
Empirisme
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• Abad 0 6 M
• Periode Kelahiran Nabi Isa
• Pertentangan Gereja
• Filsafat mengalami kemunduran
• Raja membatasi kebebasan berfikir

• Abad 6 SM 0 M
• Periode Filsafat Yunani
• Ahli filsafatnya Thales
• Menggunakan pola deduktif
• Kemunculan ilmu sangat berkembang

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ABAD PERTENGAHAN
ANCILLA THEOLOGIAE
DOGMA
DOGMA
DOGMA
DOGMA
DOGMA
DOGMA
DOGMA
ABAD KEGELAPAN BAGI ILMU PENGETAHUAN
DOGMA
DOGMA
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PERMULAAN ABAD MODERN
LEONARDO DA VINCI COPERNICUS KEPLER GALILEO
GALILEI FRANCIS BACON
RENAISSANCE
14 - 15 MASEHI
AUFKLARUNG (PENCERAHAN)
VOLTAIRE JJ. ROUSSEAU MONTESQUIEU IMMANUEL KANT
18 MASEHI
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AGAMA DAN FILSAFAT MULAI DI PISAHKAN AGAMA DI
DASARI KEYAKINAN (KEIMANAN) FILSAFAT DI DASARI
OLEH OLAH PIKIR (SEKULARISASI) RASIONALISME EMPI
RISME KRITISISME IDEALISME POSITIVISME
TUMBUH ILMU-ILMU CABANG (MENINGGALKAN
FILSAFAT) BIOLOGI ASTRONOMI MATEMATIKA FISIKA
KIMIA SOSIOLOGI
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SKEMA HUBUNGAN FILSAFAT DAN ILMU PENGETAHUAN
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perkembangan

• Abad 6 M ditandai dengan runtuhnya mitologi dan
  dongeng-dongeng.
• Abad 6-16 M ditandai dengan kuatnya doktrin
  teologis atau anciella theologia. Filsafat
  digunakan untuk memperkuat keyakinan agama.
• Abad 16 zaman modern yang ditandai dengan
  renaissans merebaknya ilmu pengetahuan.
• Abad 20 atau zaman pasca renaissans ditandai
  dengan menguatnya pemikiran pasca modernis

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Mythology

• Aim of early Greek philosophers is to find
  natural rather than supernatural explanations for
  natural practices

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Natural Philosophers

• Nature of the physical world
• Science
• Thales 625BC 545BC Greek colony in Asia
  Minor first know philosopher everything from
  water single basic substance
• Anaximander 610-546 BC all created things are
  limited that which comes before and after must
  be boundless - basic stuff could not be as
  ordinary as water
• Anaximenes 570-526 BC source of all things
  must be air of vapour

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Democritus

• 460-370 BC
• everything was built up of tiny invisible
  blocks (p. 43)?
• Each block was eternal and immutable
• firm and solid
• not all the same different shapes and sizes
• unlimited number
• Called atoms, un-cuttable (p. 43)?

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How accurate is Democritus theory to what we know
today?

• Atoms theory still exists
• P. 84 the lego horse Platos idea of the
  model plan World of ideas

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Athens circa 450 BC

• Cultural center of the Greek world. (p. 61)?
• Focus changed from natural philosophy to the
  individual and the individuals place in
  society. (p. 62)?
• Democracy evolved
• Art of rhetoric saying things in a convincing
  manner. (p. 62)?

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Prominent Philosophers

• Sophist a wise and informed person (p. 62)
  man and his place in society (p. 62)
• No absolute norms for what was right or wrong.
  (p. 63)?
• Protogoras (485-410 BC) Man is the measure of
  all things (p. 62)?

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Socrates

• 470-399 BC
• there are norms
• wrote nothing down
• greatest influence on western thinking
• taught in the city squares
• known to us through Platos writings
• we must use our reason to grasp philosophical
  truths p. 65
• feigned ignorance Socratic irony

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Socrates
died because of his convictions
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Plato

• 428-347 BC
• Pupil of Socrates
• theory of ideas
• Myth of the cave denies the reality of the
  natural world
• We must become enlightened

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Myth of the Cave

• From The Republic
• What we take in with our senses is not real, but
  rather a poor copy of it we see only shadows
  imprisoned by our senses the shadows are less
  real than the actual
• Should take in the world intellectually
• Ignorance is likened to imprisonment

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Plato and Aristotle
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Aristotle

• 384-322 BC
• student of Plato
• Elemental theory fire, water, wind, earth
• Rejected Plato's world of ideas
• Senses are important
• Women as inferior

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Medieval/Baroque

• Machiavelli 1469-1527 control populace
  politics, government - two books, The Prince is
  still used today in politics (Stalin really liked
  The Prince)?
• Spinoza 1632-1677 - in God (one substance)
  tolerance and free thought Rationalist Mystic
• Hobbes 1588-1679 materialist natural world
  political thinking - The Leviathan The value
  or worth of a man is, as of all things, his
  price.
• Hume

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THOMAS HOBBES1588-1679

• Alam semesta, segala yang ada, bersifat
  korporeal, atau badani, yang memiliki dimensi
  besaran panjang, lebar, dan kedalaman
• Yang ada hanyalah materi,
• Setiap benda bergerak, termasuk manusia, adalah
  mesin
• Proses mental merupakan gerakan materi yang ada
  dalam kepala manusia.
• Hobbes terpesona oleh gerak, khususnya setelah
  mengunjungi Galileo.

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• Locke 1632-1704 father of empiricism and
  liberalism, education. All mankind is good and
  ought not to harm one another. No mans
  knowledge here can go beyond his experiences.
• Hume 1711-1776 nothing is certain
  (complexity), empiricist, take actions because of
  morals
• Leibniz 1646 1716 rationalist borrowed
  reality There is a reason why every fact is as
  it is and not otherwise. calculus (Leibniz or
  Newton)?

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Existentialism/Modernism

• Kierkegaard 1813-1855 father of
  existentialism - individual finds own identity a
  problem mystery of own existence
• deBeauvoir - 1908-1986 French existentialist
  Sartre - feminism
• Sartre 1905-1980 fate doesn't exist man is
  what he conceives himself to be Hell is other
  people.
• Descartes 1596-1650 father of modern
  philosophy method of doubt - Cogito ergo sum -
  I think therefore I am.
• Camus 1913-1960 French writer absurd that
  humans demand significance in an indifferent
  universe - Man is the only creature who refuses
  to be what he is.

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Senses or Reason

• Empiricists believe that we learn through our
  senses we learn based on observation, experience
  we are born with a clean slate (tabula rasa)?
• Rationalists believe one has to have an
  understanding of ones self to learn Know
  thyself senses offer a limited world rely on
  truths, logic and intuition
• Kant synthesized the two need reason and the
  senses to learn