Hazards and Risks of Earthquakes and Volcanoes

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Hazards and Risks of Earthquakes and Volcanoes

• Geology 112
• Section 1 T/Th, 0900-1015
• Section 2 T/Th, 1330-1445
• Paula Jefferis, Lecturer

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Contact information

• Instructor Paula Jefferis
• Office DH 419
• Telephone [phone]
• Email paula.jefferis-nilsen_at_sjsu.edu

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Welcome to the spring 2011 semester!

• Wishing you success during the semester!
• Regular attendance with active participation,
  understanding material, and completing
  assignments helps achieve this goal.
• These classes are large so make a point of making
  a visit during office hours especially if the
  material is overwhelming

http//www.sjsu.edu/people/paula.jefferis-nilsen
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Natural Disasters, Patrick Abbott

• 7th edition ISBN 978-0-13-602007-3

Reading the entire chapter associated with topic
will be helpful to understanding material in
class.
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Assignments and Percentage of Class
Assignment Percentage
Three exams 55
Oral report and essay 10
Term paper 15
Home or work evaluation 10
Field trip 10
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Assignments and Due Dates
Assignment or exam Date
Exam 1 March 1st
Exam 2 April 14th
Exam 3 (last day of class) May 17th
Oral report and essay February 15 and 16
Term paper April 21st
Home evaluation May 5th
Pinnacles field trip Section 1 Saturday, March 12th Section 2 Saturday, March 18th
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All written work must be submitted to
turnitin.com before class

• Register and understand how the system works

Section 1 Id 3751962 Passwordearthquakes1 (case sensitive)
Section 2 Id 3751963 Password earthquakes2 (case sensitive)
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Class organization

• Introduction, formation of the Earth and plate
  tectonics
• Volcanoes geology, hazards, mitigation and
  prediction
• Earthquakes geology, seismology, hazards
• Mitigation measures to reduce risk

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Work load

• Read appropriate pages in text
• complete term paper, home analysis, exams on
  assigned dates
• understand vocabulary and concepts
• apply vocabulary and concepts to explain Earths
  processes
• attend 1 Saturday field trip

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Part I Earth Process
Physical map of the World
70 oceanic crust 30 continental crust
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Tectonic map of the world
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• Cross-section of the Earth showing earth
  processes producing earthquakes and volcanoes.

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Part II Volcanoes

• Why are some volcanoes more destructive than
  others?
• location
• The Mt. St. Helens eruption, 1980

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Volcanoes

• Why do some volcanoes look different than others?
• location
• Mauna Loa, Hawaii

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Volcanoes around the World
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What type of hazards can you think of associated
with a volcanic eruption?
Hawaii
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Volcanic Hazards
Pyroclastic flows
Ashfall
Lahars
Lava flow
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Comparison of ash plumes
Mt. St Helens was a relatively small eruption
compared to prehistoric eruptions
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Potential Risk
Proximity and understanding of the volcano
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Monitoring

• Scientists document any change in volcanic
  activity with technology.
• Volcanic eruptions have been predicted

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Part III Earthquakes

• Where do earthquakes occur?
• Why?

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Why and where earthquakes and occur?
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Earthquakes Today
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Why earthquakes occur release of energy
Acceleration or push when seismic waves reach the
Earths surface.
Ground shaking
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Earthquakes are caused when the Earth moves along
faults
Enriquillo-Plantain Garden Fault zone 1860
1770 1751 last earthquakes
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Population and shaking
Warmer colors equals higher population
concentrations
Stronger shaking is associated with population
concentrations
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Structural failure
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Structural failure
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6,718,362 million people
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What type of hazards can you think of associated
with an earthquake?
Anchorage, 1964
Coalinga, 1983
Indonesia, 2005
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Earthquake Hazards
Ground shaking
Liquefaction
Landslides
Ground Rupture
Tsunami
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Earthquakes cannot be predicted
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Preparedness

• Retrofit structures known not to respond well in
  earthquakes.

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Education

• Local population understanding the potential
  hazard can reduce loss of life

Putting Down Roots in Earthquake Country
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Recovery

• Federal, state and local agencies aid in the
  recovery of natural disasters.
• Search and rescue volunteers
• International help

One small airport in Haiti. Difficult to deliver
and distribute supplies.
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Connection

• Patterns and characteristics of earthquakes and
  volcanoes
• The theory of plate tectonics helps explain this
  pattern
• If people understand the possible hazards,
  preparation can help reduce the risk

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Remember!

• Read text
• Attend class
• Ask questions
• Equals success in this class!