The Potential of Geographic Information Systems to Facilitate Data-Driven Prevention: The Case of Tobacco

1
The Potential of Geographic Information Systems
to Facilitate Data-Driven Prevention The Case
of Tobacco
National Prevention Network Annual
Conference Lexington, Kentucky August 28, 2006

• Indiana Prevention Resource Center
• Barbara Seitz de Martinez, PhD, MLS, CPP
• Ruth Gassman, PhD
• Desiree Goetze, MPH

2
What You Will Learn

• Components of GIS system and costs
• How GIS Can Help You with Program Planning
• Obtain Demographic Background
• Profile Needs, Resources
• Locate Problem Area or Target Audience
• Inform Decisions about Strategy Selection
• Enhance Cultural Competency
• Obtain Funding
• How GIS Can Help You with Program Evaluation
• Create a Risk/Protection Surveillance System
• Track Change
• How GIS Can Help You Do Research
• Conduct Research to identify relationships among
  environmental and health variables

3
I. Components of a GIS System

• Minimal Equipment and
• Personnel Skill Requirements

4
Stages for Data Import/Analysis
5
Stage One

• Objective GIS to Inform Program Planning
• Identify Problem Area or Find Target Audience
• Obtain Demographic Background
• Inform Decisions about Strategy Selection
• Enhance Cultural Competency
• Equipment Computer Hardware and Software
• Standard Desktop/Laptop and Printer
• GIS software MapInfo and PCensus for MapInfo.
  Or ArcView equivalent
• Data Purchased Databases
• AGS Core Demographics, Consumer Spending, and MRI
  Lifestyle Variables or Claritas Equivalent
• Kinds of Skills (Capacity Building)
• Computer Literacy and Intro to Microsoft Excel

6
Levels of Software Tools
MapInfo, PCensus, Maploader (1)
7
Levels of Data Complexity
Purchased GIS data (1)
8
Examples of Data
AGS, Claritas Map files (1)
9
Levels of Skill Complexity
Basic Computer And Printer (1)
10
Stage Two

• Objectives GIS to Monitor Program Effectiveness
• Create a Risk/Protection Surveillance System
• Track Change
• Additional Equipment Geocoding Software
• MapMarker Geocoding Software
• Color Printer
• Additional Data
• Local program and local geographic location data
  to be imported
• Additional Skills (Capacity Building)
• Patience and precision
• Microsoft Excel and some Microsoft Access
  preferable

11
Levels of Software Required
MapInfo, PCensus, Maploader (1)
Mapmarker Geocoding software, Excel Access (2)
12
Levels of Data Complexity
Purchased GIS data (1)
Imported data (free or purchased) (2)
13
Examples of Data
AGS, Claritas, Map files (1)
Program Data, Address Data, Health Data (public
or purchased) (2)
14
Levels of Skills Required
Basic Computer (1)
Geocoding, Excel and Access (2)
15
Stage Three

• Objectives GIS to Support Research
• to study relationships among environmental and
  health variables
• Additional Equipment Geocoding Software
• SPSS Software
• Additional Data (to be imported)
• Local data
• Public data
• Purchased data
• Additional Skills (Capacity Building)
• Excellent Microsoft Excel and Access skills
• Excellent statistical analysis and SPSS skills

16
Levels of Software Required
MapInfo, PCensus, Maploader (1)
Mapmarker Geocoding software, Excel Access (2)
SPSS (3)
17
Levels of Data Complexity
Purchased GIS data (1)
Imported data (free or purchased) (2)
More complex imported data (free or purchased) (3)
18
Examples of Data
AGS, Claritas (1)
Program Data, Address Data, Health Data (public
or purchased) (2)
Mortality Report Data Morbidity Data (public or
purchased) (3)
19
Levels of Skill Complexity
Basic Computer (1)
Geocoding, Excel and Access (2)
Excel, Access, SPSS (3)
20
Examples of Data

• AGS Core Demographics from Tetrad
• Program Enrollment/Completion Numbers
• Pre and Post- Test Scores
• Addresses (e.g., of programs, outlets, agencies)
• Data that needs cleaning, linking, reordering
  (e.g., Health Department Reports
• Data that involves coding, joins, restructuring
  (e.g., Religent Planning 2 Morbidity Data
• Data from analyses involving statistical
  calculations (e.g., importing data results from
  your analysis for mapping)

21
II. How GIS Can Help You with Program Planning

• Obtain Demographic Background
• Profile Needs, Resources
• Locate Problem Area or Target Audience
• Inform Decisions about Strategy Selection
• Enhance Cultural Competency
• Obtain Funding

22
Examples of Demographics

• Population
• Age
• Race/Ethnicity
• Marital Status
• Income
• Occupation
• Health Insurance Status
• Health Status
• Behaviors Spending, Drug Use
• Behaviors Crime

23
The Place Neighborhood
Forest Manor / Martindale-Brightwood Neighborhoods
24
Locate Problem Area Child Poverty
AGS Indiana Core Demographics
Children in Poverty / Total Children
25
Locate Target Audience
AGS Indiana Core Demographics
Where are the 10-14 year olds in Marion County?
They are in the areas that are darkest green.
26
Study a Place
AGS Indiana Core Demographics
27
The Place Government Boundaries
AGS Indiana Core Demographics
46218
28
Risk/Protective Factors
AGS Indiana Core Demographics
AGS Indiana Core Demographics
29
Education, Less Than HS Diploma
Indiana Prevention Resource Center
AGS, Core Demographics, 2004 est., 2005
Source GIS in Prevention, County Profile,
Series 3 (Indiana Prevention Resource Center,
2006)
30
Less Than 9th Grade Education

• By Census Tract and w/in a 1 Mile Radius of John
  Marshall Middle School

Data for addresses of retail tobacco outlets were
contributed by the Indiana State Excise Police
TRIP Inspection Program.
31
Insurance Coverage
AGS Indiana Core Demographics, 2002 est.
Insurance Coverage
32
Insurance Coverage
Source MRI Consumer Behavior
33
Single-Parent Families ()
226
AGS Indiana Core Demographics
492
212
418
212
180
303
34
Combined Indicators Single-Parent Families
Poverty
AGS Indiana Core Demographics
Number of Single Parent-Families in Poverty in
Each Block Group in Blue Box
35
Working Parents
Children Aged 6-17 Living with MarionCounty MarionCounty Forest Manor/ Brtwd-Mrtndle Neighborhood Forest Manor/ Brtwd-Mrtndle Neighborhood

Two parents who work 57,972 43 383 11
One parent who works 4,1001 30 1,998 55
Source U.S. Census 2000, SF3
36
Personal Crime Indices
MarionCounty Forest Manor/ Brtwd-Mrtndle Neighborhood
Total Crime Index 202 283
Personal Crime Index 221 275
Murder 255 178
Rape 222 234
Robbery 223 356
Assault 185 328

• AGS Indiana, Crime Risk

37
Property Crime Indices
Marion County Forest Manor/ Brtwd-Mrtndle Neighborhood
Total Crime Index 202 283
Property Crime Index 183 291
Burglary 183 297
Larceny 148 273
Car Theft 218 302

• AGS Indiana, Crime Risk 2002 (2003)

38
Voting and Volunteerism
Marion County Forest Manor/ Brtwd-Mrtndle Neighborhood
In the Last Year, Percentage of Adults Who In the Last Year, Percentage of Adults Who In the Last Year, Percentage of Adults Who
Voted in Federal, Stateor Local Election 44.0 33.0
Actively worked as a Volunteer 16.8 10.0

• AGS MRI Consumer Behavior 2002 (2003)

39
See Relationships between Data
Income
10-17 Year Olds
40
6.6 Household Spending on Alcohol
Per Household Spending on Alcohol, 2004 est. (AGS, 2005) Per Household Spending on Alcohol, 2004 est. (AGS, 2005) Per Household Spending on Alcohol, 2004 est. (AGS, 2005) Per Household Spending on Alcohol, 2004 est. (AGS, 2005)
  Hamilton Indiana U.S.
Consumer spending on alcoholic beverages 646 439 460
Spending on Alcohol for Consumption outside the Home 279 188 197
Beer and ale away from home 92 62 65
Wine away from home 43 29 30
Whiskey away from home 72 48 50
Alcohol On Out-Of-Town Trips 72 49 52
Spending on Alcohol for Consumption in the Home 366 250 261
Beer and ale at home 211 145 152
Wine at home 89 60 63
Whiskey and other liquor at home 66 45 46
Table 6.6 Per Household Spending on Alcohol (AGS, Consumer Spending, 2004, 2005)
Source GIS in Prevention, Hamilton County
Profile, Series 3 (Indiana Prevention Resource
Center, 2006)
41
Spending on Beer/Ale for Home
Indiana Prevention Resource Center
AGS, Consumer Spending, 2004 est., 2005
Source GIS in Prevention, Hamilton County
Profile, Series 3 (Indiana Prevention Resource
Center, 2006)
42
6.7 Household Spending on Tobacco
Per Household Spending on Tobacco, 2004, est. (AGS, 2005) Per Household Spending on Tobacco, 2004, est. (AGS, 2005) Per Household Spending on Tobacco, 2004, est. (AGS, 2005) Per Household Spending on Tobacco, 2004, est. (AGS, 2005)
Morgan Indiana U.S.
Per Household Spending on Tobacco Products 448 428 443
Cigarettes 405 388 400
Other Tobacco Products 43 41 44
Per Household Spending on Misc. Reading 254 245 257
Newspapers 113 109 114
Magazines 54 52 54
Books 87 84 88
Personal insurance 547 523 552
Table 6.7 Per Household Spending on Tobacco Products, Miscellaneous Reading and Personal Insurance (AGS, Consumer Spending, 2004, 2005)
Source GIS in Prevention, Morgan County
Profile, Series 3 (Indiana Prevention Resource
Center, 2006)
43
Race, Black
Source GIS in Prevention, County Profile,
Series 3 (Indiana Prevention Resource Center,
2006)
44
Race, Black
Source GIS in Prevention, Dubois County
Profile, Series 3 (Indiana Prevention Resource
Center, 2006)
45
Ethnicity, Hispanic/Latino
Source GIS in Prevention, County Profile,
Series 3 (Indiana Prevention Resource Center,
2006)
46
Ethnicity, Hispanic/Latino
Source GIS in Prevention, Dubois County
Profile, Series 3 (Indiana Prevention Resource
Center, 2006)
47
Ethnicity Hispanic/Latino
Source GIS in Prevention, County Profile,
Series 3 (Indiana Prevention Resource Center,
2006)
48
Inform Decision about Strategy

• Which Curricula? For whom? Which problem?
• Which Domain to focus on? Parent? Child?
• Which Communication Strategy to use? Words or
  pictures? Phone Calls? Literacy level?
• Where to Focus your efforts? Program location?
• What Criteria to apply? Poverty? Working
  parents?
• What Services to offer? Transportation? Food?
• Extend of Need? Limit or expand service area?

49
Stage Two Enhancements

• Importing Local Data
• Geocoding
• Percentages, Rates and Rankings
• Analysis and Custom Mapping

50
Stage TwoImporting Local Data

• Methamphetamine Lab Seizures

51
Imported DataMeth Busts, 2005
Source IN State Police, 2005
Total lab busts to mid October, 846
Indiana Prevention Resource Center
52
Stage TwoGeocoding Program Locationsand
Studying Risk/Protective Factors

• ARII Location Relative to
• Persons in Poverty and
• Families in Poverty

53
Geocoding ofAfternoons R.O.C.K. in Indiana
Programs
54
Afternoons Rock in IN Programs

• Fort Wayne, Indiana

55
Persons in Poverty and Program Placement
Persons Living in Poverty (Percent) Fort Wayne
city, IN, by BG
Over 25 14 to 25 7 to 14 4 to 7 0 to 4
Fort Wayne, Indiana
56
Families in Poverty and Program Placement
Fort Wayne, Indiana
57
Numbered Block Groups Have Over 50 of Families
w/ Children under 18 Living in Poverty
Fort Wayne, Indiana
58
Stage TwoEnhanced Analysisfor Risk/Protection

• Adding Percentages, Rates and Rankings

59
5.7 Educational Attainment
Educational Attainment (), 2004 est. (AGS, 2005) Educational Attainment (), 2004 est. (AGS, 2005) Educational Attainment (), 2004 est. (AGS, 2005) Educational Attainment (), 2004 est. (AGS, 2005)
  Dubois Co. Indiana U.S.
Less than 9th grade 9.1 5.3 7.6
9th to 12th grade, no diploma 10.8 12.6 12
Total, Less Than 9th or Less Than HS Diploma 19.9 17.8 19.6
High school graduate 44.7 37.2 28.6
Some college, no degree 13.9 19.8 21.1
Associate degree 7.4 5.8 6.3
Bachelor's degree 9.2 12.2 15.6
Graduate or profession degree 4.9 7.2 8.9
Rank for of Pop 25 w/ less than HS diploma 39 26th of 51  
Rank for of Pop 25 w/ a college degree 22 43rd of 51  
Table 5.7 Educational Attainment (AGS, 2004 est., 2005)
Source GIS in Prevention, Dubois County
Profile, Series 3 (Indiana Prevention Resource
Center, 2006)
60
5.8 Households (Families, w/ Child, Income)
Households, Families, and Income, 2004 est. Households, Families, and Income, 2004 est. Households, Families, and Income, 2004 est. Households, Families, and Income, 2004 est.
  Fayette Indiana U.S.
Households (2004) 10,462 2,465,349 112,708,665
Families (2004) 7,191 1,659,694 75,740,018
Households with children (2004) 3,482 864,296 40,102,709
Average Household Income 51,906 57,000 63,396
Per capita income 22,059 22,807 24,583
Rank for Ave HH Income High-Low 57 28th of 51  
Rank for Per Cap Income H-L 31 25th of 51  
Average Age of Householder 45-54 yrs. 45-54 yrs.  
Table 5.8 Median Age and Household Income (AGS, 2004 est., 2005)
Source GIS in Prevention, Fayette County
Profile, Series 3 (Indiana Prevention Resource
Center, 2006)
61
5.9 Families (by type)
Types of Households w/ Children and Median Family Income, 2004 est. (AGS, 2005) Types of Households w/ Children and Median Family Income, 2004 est. (AGS, 2005) Types of Households w/ Children and Median Family Income, 2004 est. (AGS, 2005) Types of Households w/ Children and Median Family Income, 2004 est. (AGS, 2005)
County Hamilton Co. Indiana U.S.
HHs w/ children (2004) 36,645 864,296 40,102,709
Married Couple Family (Percent) 84.1 70 69
Lone Parent Male (Percent) 3.9 6.9 6.8
Lone Parent Female (Percent) 11.4 21.8 23.2
Non-family Male Head (Percent) 0.5 1.1 0.8
Non-family Female Head (Percent) 0.1 0.2 0.2
Median Family Income 86,222 54,393 54,087
Rank for Married Couple Family ( of HHs w/ children) 1 26th of 51  
Rank for Median Family Income 1 21st of 51  
Table 5.9a Types of Households with Children (AGS, 2004 est., 2005) Median Family Income (AGS, 2004 est., 2005)
Source GIS in Prevention, Hamilton County
Profile, Series 3 (Indiana Prevention Resource
Center, 2006)
62
6.12a Crime Indices
Table 6.12b Specific Crimes, Indices (AGS Crime Risk 2004, 2005)
Crime Indices, 2004 (AGS, 2005, based on FBI UCR) Crime Indices, 2004 (AGS, 2005, based on FBI UCR) Crime Indices, 2004 (AGS, 2005, based on FBI UCR) Crime Indices, 2004 (AGS, 2005, based on FBI UCR) Crime Indices, 2004 (AGS, 2005, based on FBI UCR)
County DeKalb Indiana U.S. IN Rank in US
Total Crime Index 17 93 101 30th of 51
Personal Crime Index 14 74 101 26th of 51
Property Crimes 17 110 102 27th of 51
Crime Indices, 2004 (AGS, 2005, based on FBI UCR) -- Rankings Crime Indices, 2004 (AGS, 2005, based on FBI UCR) -- Rankings Crime Indices, 2004 (AGS, 2005, based on FBI UCR) -- Rankings
  DeKalb IN Rank in US
Rank Total Crime Index 75 30th of 51
Rank Personal Crime 75 26th of 51
Rank Property Crimes 71 27th of 51
Source GIS in Prevention, DeKalb County
Profile, Series 3 (Indiana Prevention Resource
Center, 2006)
63
6.12b Crime Indices
Crime Indices, 2004 (AGS, 2005, based on FBI UCR) Crime Indices, 2004 (AGS, 2005, based on FBI UCR) Crime Indices, 2004 (AGS, 2005, based on FBI UCR) Crime Indices, 2004 (AGS, 2005, based on FBI UCR)
  Tippecanoe Indiana US
Personal Crime Index 48 74 101
Murder Index 48 107 100
Rape Index 104 94 101
Robbery Index 27 76 101
Assault Index 45 70 101
       
Property Crime Index 97 110 102
Burglary Index 86 98 102
Larceny Index 153 109 102
Motor Vehicle Theft Index 41 142 101
Table 6.12b Specific Crimes, Indices (AGS Crime Risk 2004, 2005)
Crime Indices, 2004 (AGS, 2005, based on FBI UCR) -- Rankings Crime Indices, 2004 (AGS, 2005, based on FBI UCR) -- Rankings Crime Indices, 2004 (AGS, 2005, based on FBI UCR) -- Rankings
  Tippecanoe IN Rank in US
Rank Personal Crime 16 26th of 51
Rank Murder 31 18th of 51
Rank Rape 7 28th of 51
Rank Robbery 15 25th of 51
Rank Assault 30 29th of 51
     
Rank Property Crime 12 27th of 51
Rank Burglary 15 21st of 51
Rank Larceny 4 24th of 51
Rank Motor Vehicle Theft 14 7th of 51
Source GIS in Prevention, Tippecanoe County
Profile, Series 3 (Indiana Prevention Resource
Center, 2006)
64
6.18 Food Stamp Recipients
CSAP calculates this as the average number of
persons who receive food stamps each month,
stated as the rate per 1,000 persons in the total
population. This statistic for Indiana comes
from Indiana Family and Social Services
Administration, Family Resources Bureau as
reported in the Indiana Youth Institute Kids
Count in Indiana 2005. The rate calculation
comes from the Indiana Prevention Resource
Center. The following table shows the rate for
2004 for Marion County with comparisons for the
state and nation.
Food Stamps, 2004 (FSSA, Family Resources Bureau, 2006) Food Stamps, 2004 (FSSA, Family Resources Bureau, 2006) Food Stamps, 2004 (FSSA, Family Resources Bureau, 2006)
  Marion Indiana
Population, 2004 864,200 6,230,346
Food Stamp Recipients per mo., 2004 104,832 516,360
Rate per 1000 persons, 2004 121.3 82.9
Rate per 1000 persons, 2003 105.1 73.1
Change in Rate per 1,000 from 2003 to 2004 16.2 9.8
Rank for 2004 Rate per 1,000 Persons 3  
Table 6.18 Food Stamp Recipients per Month in 2004 (FSSA, Division of Family and Children, 2005) and Rate per 1,000 Total Population for 2004 and 2005 and Change in Rate (calculations from the IPRC based on data from FSSA, Division of Family and Children, 2004 and 2005).
Source GIS in Prevention, Marion County
Profile, Series 3 (Indiana Prevention Resource
Center, 2006)
65
Stage TwoAnalyzing Data and Custom Mapping

• Property Crime Indices
• To show County
• Relative to IN and US Rates

66
Map Property Crime Indices

• Bottom Quarter, Mid Range, Top Quarter (includes
  over IN over US)

Above US (9), 101.55-194 Above IN (12),
95.55-194 Top Quarter (23), 64-194 Mid Range
(46), 19-64 Lowest Quarter (23), 4-19
AGS, Crime Indices 2004 (2005)
Indiana Prevention Resource Center
67
How GIS Helps You Obtain Funding

• Provides Demographic Background
• Facilitates Profile of Needs/Resources
• Documents Locate Problem Area/ Target Audience
• Helps Justify Decisions about Strategy Selection
• Explains Aspects of Cultural Competency

68
Outcomes-Based Prevention
Effective Prevention
Substance- related problems
Intervening Variables
Strategies/Programs
Planning, Monitoring, Evaluation and
Re-Planning
Source U.S. Department of Health and Human
Services, SAMHSA, CSAP
69
Outcomes-Based Prevention
Profile population needs, resources, and
readiness to address needs and gaps
Monitor, evaluate, sustain, and improve or
replace those that fail
Mobilize and/or build capacity to address needs
Sustainability Cultural Competence
Develop a Comprehensive Plan
Implement evidence- based prevention programs
and activities
Source U.S. Department of Health and Human
Services, SAMHSA, CSAP
70
How GIS Helps Obtain Funding
Assessment CONVINCE THEM OF THE NEED
Capacity Highlight AWARENESS, WHAT YOU
BRING WHAT YOU GAIN
Evaluation Plan for on-going Monitoring and
Evaluation
Cultural Competence
Sustainability
Describe Your Plan Base on Literature, Logic
Model Step-by-Step Blueprint Build in Evaluation
Implementation Explain Rationale for choice of
evidence-based strategy and activities
Source U.S. Department of Health and Human
Services, SAMHSA, CSAP
71
GIS for Program Evaluation (a Stage Two Activity)

• Create a Risk/Protection Surveillance System
• Track Change

72
GeocodingFailed TRIP Inspections
Indiana Prevention Resource Center
Source IN State Excise Police, TRIP
Source GIS in Prevention, County Profiles,
Series 3 (Indiana Prevention Resource Center,
2006)
73
Schools in Proximity to Failed TRIP Inspections
Allen County
Indiana Prevention Resource Center
Source IN State Excise Police, TRIP
Source GIS in Prevention, Allen County Profile,
Series 3 (Indiana Prevention Resource Center,
2006)
74
Schools in Proximity to Failed Trip Inspections

• Clark County

Source GIS in Prevention, Clark County Profile,
Series 3 (Indiana Prevention Resource Center,
2006)
75
Schools in Proximity to Failed Trip Inspections,
Close-up
Middle School

• Clark County
• -- Clarksville

Outlet Selling To Minor
Source GIS in Prevention, Clark County Profile,
Series 3 (Indiana Prevention Resource Center,
2006)
76
IV. GIS for Research

• Conduct Research to Identify Relationships among
  Environmental and Health Variables

77
What You Have Learned

• Components of GIS system and costs
• How GIS Can Help You with Program Planning
• Obtain Demographic Background
• Profile Needs, Resources
• Locate Problem Area or Target Audience
• Inform Decisions about Strategy Selection
• Enhance Cultural Competency
• Obtain Funding
• How GIS Can Help You with Program Evaluation
• Create a Risk/Protection Surveillance System
• Track Change
• How GIS Can Help You Do Research
• Conduct Research to identify relationships among
  environmental and health variables