Bio-energy in Europe: changing technology choices

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Bio-energy in Europe changing technology choices

• Andre P.C. Faaij

By Anneleen Luts
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• Introduction
• Biomass resources
• Conversion Technologies
• Policy and strategy on bio-energy on European
  level
• Examples in Europe
• Main trends
• Future strategies

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• Introduction
• Biomass resources
• Conversion Technologies
• Policy and strategy on bio-energy on European
  level
• Examples in Europe
• Main trends
• Future strategies

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• Bioenergy has to do with

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• Bio-energy
• is stored energy from the sun contained in
  materials such as plant matter and animal waste,
  known as biomass
• a key option to mitigate greenhouse gas
  emissions and substitute fossil fuels

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• Biomass is an attractive energy source
• renewable energy source
• is also more evenly distributed over the earth's
  surface than finite energy sources
• It provides the opportunity for local, regional,
  and national energy self-sufficiency across the
  globe
• It provides an alternative to fossil fuels, and
  helps to reduce climate change
• It helps local farmers who may be struggling

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• Situation in Europe
• activities and programs are executed
• for developing and stimulating bio-energy
• Basically every country in Europe has included
  bio-energy in its energy and climate policies

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• EU set targets for bio-energy
• In 2010 almost 10 of the energy supply of the
  EU is to come from
• biomass
• gt biomass may contribute 25 to almost
• 100 of the current worlds energy use to the
  worlds energy supply during this century

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• Introduction
• Biomass resources
• Conversion Technologies
• Policy and strategy on bio-energy on European
  level
• Examples in Europe
• Main trends
• Future strategies

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• Domestic biomass resources include
• biomass processing residues including pulp and
  paper operation, agricultural and forestry wastes
  
• urban wood wastes, municipal solid wastes and
  landfill gas, animal wastes
• terrestrial and aquatic crops grown solely for
  energy purposes, known as energy crops
• Energy crops fast-growing plants, trees or
  other herbaceous biomass which are harvested
  specifically for energy production use

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• Europe
• Organic wastes and forest residues represent the
  largest available potential and deliver the
  largest contribution to energy production from
  organic renewable material

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• - Fundamental debate is still going on on the
  desirability of using large surfaces of land for
  bio energy
• - Active crop production (largely for) energy
  purpose is required to meet the ambitions for
  bio-energy in Europe

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• Introduction
• Biomass resources
• Conversion Technologies
• Policy and strategy on bio-energy on European
  level
• Examples in Europe
• Main trends
• Future strategies

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• A wide variety of technologies is deployed for
  energy production from biomass
• ?Production of heat , electricity and transport
  fuels is possible through a portfolio of
  technologies

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• Conversion technologies power and heat
• Digestion Biogas is released with the digestion
  of organic material
• Combustion Because heat releases with the
  combustion of biomass, electricity can be aroused
  using a steam turbine
• Gasification high heating of organic material,
  releases biogas
• Production of bio-oils

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• Conversion technologies biofuels for the
  transport Sector
• Extraction and production of esters from oilseeds
• Fermentation production of ethanol
• Methanol, hydrogen and hydrocarbons via
  Gasification

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• Introduction
• Biomass resources
• Conversion Technologies
• Policy and strategy on bio-energy on European
  level
• Examples in Europe
• Main trends
• Future strategies

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The European commission

• Key bodies involved in bio-energy
• The Directorate General-Transport and Energy
  (DGTREN), responsible in particular for
  shorter-term demonstration activities and market
  development
• Directorate General-Research and Technology
  Development (DG-RTD), responsible for the
  longer-term development of technologies and
  related research

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• Activities
• At the moment the 6th Framework Program is
  operational
• ? Limited number of fields, including
  bio-energy, are selected with the intention to
  create larger consortia around those topics and
  support them for prolonged periods of time
• ? Competitive and efficient production of
  hydrogen-rich syngas (particularly aimed for
  biofuel production) is put prominently on the
  agenda
• The latest DG-TREN program is called Intelligent
  Energy Europe

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• Introduction
• Biomass resources
• Conversion Technologies
• Policy and strategy on bio-energy on European
  level
• Examples in Europe
• Main trends
• Future strategies

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• Implementation of policies for supporting
  bio-energy
• Ex.
• Tax deduction (in some cases specifically aimed
  at biofuels)
• Feed-in tariffs
• Energy tax exemption
• CO2-tax
• Quota
• ...
• Every country has different targets and
  approaches
• the natural conditions (type of resources and
  crops, climate)
• the structure of the energy system
• the specific political priorities linked to the
  agricultural and forestry sectors in those
  countries

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• Introduction
• Biomass resources
• Conversion Technologies
• Policy and strategy on bio-energy on European
  level
• Examples in Europe
• Main trends
• Future strategies

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• Bio-energy plays an essential role in the
  European ambitions to increase the share of
  renewable and indigenous energy sources
• The EC-supported development and implementation
  of bio-energy since the beginning of the
  eighties, in particular, through various RD
  programs and more recently via directives on
  renewable electricity and biofuels
• All over Europe biomass markets are developing
  from purely regional to international markets,
  with growing international trade of biomass and
  biomass-derived energy carriers

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• Heat production provides the bulk of energy
  generation from biomass
• In energy terms, the currently small contribution
  of biofuels is produced from rapeseed and ethanol
  from (surplus) food crops
• Over time, the scale at which bio-energy is being
  used has increased considerably
• Policy measures, targets and choices proved to be
  of vital importance for the success of its
  development

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• Introduction
• Biomass resources
• Conversion Technologies
• Policy and strategy on bio-energy on European
  level
• Examples in Europe
• Main trends
• Future strategies

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• Europe has high ambitions
• Bio-energy for large-scale use in
• power generation
• Biofuels for the transport sector
• Greening of the industry by using
• renewable feedstocks
• Measurements
• The total demand for biomass supplies will soar
• Competition with alternative use of (available)
  biomass resources could become a problem and
  limitation
• Considering the limited potential for residues
  and wastes, large-scale production using energy
  crops is needed

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• Extension of the EU with a large number of new
  members in central and eastern Europe countries
  (CEEGs)
• Provides new opportunities for biomass in Europe
• Current land use and productivity of agriculture
  in CEECs, lead to reform and rationalization in
  agriculture, providing opportunities for
  alternative crops
• Average lower costs for land and labor in CEECs
  make energy crop production an attractive option

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• So far, material substitution through biomass
  received limited attention in national and EC
  policies.
• It is recommended biomaterials are considered as
  an integral part of bio-energy strategies,
  because combined material and energy applications
  may prove to have economic and efficiency benefits