"It is not a simple life to be a single cell, although I have no right to say so, having been a single cell so long ago myself that I have no memory at all of that stage of my life."

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• "It is not a simple life to be a single cell,
  although I have no right to say so, having been a
  single cell so long ago myself that I have no
  memory at all of that stage of my life."    
•  Lewis Thomas.

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Janice Lapsansky janice.lapsansky_at_wwu.edu
x7337 Office BI 305
Office Hours M 3, W 9, F 1, by
appt. (sign-up on office door)
Hyla regilla, Green tree frog
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Learning Objectives 2/11/08

• Introduction to Animal Biology
• Review major themes (206) in the context of
  animal biology
• Continue integration of understanding in 206
  across 200-level sequence
• Describe how animals are organized (molecular,
  cellular, tissue, organ, whole organism,
  ecosystem levels).
• correlate structure and function
• Explain the relationship between size and
  complexity in animal body organization their
  interaction with the environment.

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Thematic Questions

• What is an animal?
• How would you know?
• How could you be sure?
• What are the key concepts in animal evolution?
• What are the problems that all animals must
  solve, and what adaptations have produced
  tentative solutions to these challenges in a
  variety of environments?
• Differentiate between adaptation and
  acclimation.

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Growth Development

• the relationship of form and function
• anatomy physiology
• differentiation and specialization
• tissues, organs, and organ systems
• How do body plan, body size, and body symmetry
  relate to an animals interaction with their
  environment?
• reproduction
• sexual and asexual
• developmental stages

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Sensing and Responding to the Environment

• sensory systems
• movement
• digestive and excretory functions
• What processes are described by the phrase
• exchange of materials and energy with the
  environment?

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Internal Regulation

• Energy balance
• What forms of energy?
• Transport
• water
• nutrients and wastes
• gases
• Intercellular Communication
• local
• long distance

Differentiate b/w these forms of communication
using examples.
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Homeostasis

• The maintenance of a dynamic equilibrium
• Why does an organisms internal environment
  change?
• Why is a stable internal environment important to
  an organisms survival? Describe an example.
• Most homeostatic mechanisms operate as negative
  feedback loops.
• Draw the components of a basic negative feedback
  loop.

p. 925
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What is an Animal? (Review Ch. 32)

• Eukaryotic, multicellular, heterotrophic
• Do sponges fall into this category? Why or why
  not?
• Cnidaria?
• Animal cells lack cell walls for support
• Do all animals have a skeleton?
• What forms might a skeleton take?
• How is cell growth reproduction different in
  plant and animal cells?
• Animal cells may be joined by unique types of
  intercellular junctions
• What purpose(s) might these junctions serve?

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What is an Animal? (continued)

• Animals have unique tissue types that enable
  electrical impulse conduction and movement
• Name the (4) basic tissue types. Which can
  conduct electricity?
• Animals have distinguishing features in their
  life history
• Sexual reproduction (for most)
• Dominant diploid stage
• Developmental strategies (phase change)

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Animal Phylogeny
Describe the differences and similarities in
morphology and development at each branch in this
phylogenetic tree.
Fig. 32.10, p.697
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Hypothesized Trends inAnimal Evolution

• Simple to more complex body form
• Cell aggregates, to a gastrula-like (or
  tissue-grade) protoanimal to

Which stages demonstrate cell differentiation?
morphogenesis? How are these processes different
in plant development?
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Trends in Animal Evolution(continued)

• tissues organized into organs and organ systems
  (a tube w/in a tube body plan, with 2-3
  embryonic germ layers)

Mesoderm
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Trends in Animal Evolution(continued)

• Bodies with no symmetry, to bodies with symmetry
• (radial and bilateral)

Fig. 32.5
Which body form demonstrates cephalization?
Describe at least one example of an animal with
a high degree of cephalization. What other
lifestyle characteristics are associated with
cephalization?
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Trends in Animal Evolution (continued)

• Bodies with no body cavity
• to bodies with a false body cavity
• to bodies with a true body cavity

Which of these animals are triploblastic?
Fig. 31.6
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Developmental Programs(review)

• Indeterminate growth/development
• capacity for growth over an extended period of
  time,
• vegetative growth flowering in plants
• growth is not genetically limited and will
  continue as long as environmental conditions and
  resources permit.

• Determinate growth/development
• growth is genetically limited.

Plants display great phenotypic plasticity due to
a life-style of indeterminate growth and
development.
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Zygote ---gt Several Div.
initials
all nucleated plant cells are totipotent.
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Human Stem Cells
Do all human tissues contain their own
pluripotent stem cells?
See essay, p. 489
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REVIEW How is structure related to function at
major stages in the life cycle of a sea
star? What can early embryonic development tell
us about body organization in animals? What is
metamorphosis, and how is it different from
morphogenesis?
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Animal Tissues

• Group of similar cells
• common embryonic origin
• common function
• bound together by intercellular substance
• 4 basic types
• What types of cells are found in these tissues?
• What are some of the functions of these cells?

p. 916
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Epithelial Tissues

• Named according to
• - cell shape
• -arrangement
• Which would you predict provides the
• greatest protection?
• Which is/are involved
• in transport?

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Connective Tissues
Describe the role of matrix in c.t.
Describe the function of Mast cells.
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Nervous Tissue A Multipolar Neuron
Describe the relation- ship between structure and
function for these cells. Differentiate between
axons dendrites. What are the other small
dark-staining bodies surrounding this neuron?
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Muscle Tissues
What intracellular components are responsible for
contraction?
Which tissue is involuntarily controlled?
voluntarily controlled?
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Structure of an organ (example)
Describe how organs systems represent a
division of labor.
nervous?
muscular
connective
epithelial
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Both plants and animals have tissues, so what
makes animal anatomy so different?
1. Like plants, most animals are aquatic, so
theyre not really that different
3. Some animals undergo a drastic change in
anatomy known as metamorphosis
2. Animal tissues become highly specialized,
unlike plant meristem tissues.
4. All animals have brains (as well as brawn).
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Constraints on the size and shape of an animal
p. 921
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Bioenergetics

• All living things exchange energy and materials
  with their environment
• The finite energy obtained from the oxidation
  of energy nutrients is allocated within the
  animal
• support movement
• growth repair
• temperature regulation
• reproduction
• Metabolic rate can be measured
• heat production
• oxygen consumption (or CO2 production)

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Surface to Volume Ratio (S/V)

• As size increases, volume (and weight) increases
  more rapidly
• The need for nutrient and waste exchange is
  directly related to the volume of the animal body

How does the design of large-bodied animals
provide the surface area for adequate exchange
with the environment? Is it safe to assume that
small animals are primitive and large animals
more specialized?
Fig. 41.9
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BMR and body size
What is BMR, and can you measure it in a snake or
fish?
p.923
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Animal Adaptations the External Environment

• How predictable are these external environments?
• Sea
• Freshwater
• Land
• Can an animal conform to the external conditions?

• Things to consider
• oxygen availability
• desiccation threat
• temperature
• food and water availability
• salt content

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Other variations in form and lifestyle

• Colonial organization
• e.g. corals, bees

• Symbiotic organization
• commensalism
• mutualism
• parasitism

• Activity level posture

Is the parasitic lifestyle associated
with particular body form characteristics?
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Homeostasis of Body Fluids

• Separation of fluid compartments
• intracellular fluid (ICF) within cells
• extracellular fluid (ECF) outside cells
• Composition of fluids change as substances move
  between compartments
• nutrients, oxygen, carbon dioxide, water, ions
  and wastes move in both directions

What mechanisms move solutes between
compartments? What two forces move water between
compartments?
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Differential Distribution of Solutes in the ICF
and ECF
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Regulating the Internal Environment

• The boundary organ concept
• and homeostasis

Describe the characteristics of transport
epithelia.
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How is this (homeostasis) controlled?
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Components of aNegative Feedback Loop

• Receptor
• Control Center
• Effector

p. 925

• Other mechanisms
• Positive Feedback
• Feedforward

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The concept best illustrated in this carton is

1. Animals employ homeostatic mechanisms to adapt to
   any environment
2. Animals often alter their environment to improve
   their chance of survival
3. Animals require specific environmental conditions
   to survive
4. Animals can survive abrupt climate change
5. Others?