IB History 2: 20th Century World History

1
IB History 2 20th Century World History

• The Year in Review

2
The 20th Century

• The 20th century of the Common Era began on
  January 1, 1901 and ended on December 31, 2000,
  according to the Gregorian calendar.

3
Punctuate the following

• woman without her man is nothing

4
Making sense of the world Link 3 of the
following words together to make a sentence
answering for yourself this is how the world
works

• Chaos
• Negotiation
• Poverty
• Competition
• Order
• Power
• Conflict
• Peace
• Violent
• Progress
• Cooperation
• War
• Justice
• Prosperity
• Weakness
• Military
• Economy
• industrial
• Respect

5
(No Transcript)
6
Stages of Historical Consciousness

• History as fact
• This happened.
• History as causal sequence
• Why did this happen? What happened
  before/after?
• History as complexity
• How does this fit into a wider scope of
  regional/world events?
• Are there larger patterns this fits into?
• History as interpretation
• People make things happen What people made this
  happen? Why did they make it happen?

7
Causes of War
8
Causes of War, World War I

• Entangling Alliances their consequences
• Dual Alliance (1879) Germany Austria
• Triple Alliance (1882) added Italy
• Dual Entente (1893) France Russia
• Entente Cordial (1904) Brits FR make nice
• Anglo-Russian Entente (1907) Brits RUS turn
• Triple Entente is now formed FR, RUS, UK
• Causes of Militarism/Nationalism
• Germanys Weltpolitik (Schlieffen Plan)

9
Causes of War, World War I

• Militarism/Nationalism Austria
• Militarism/Nationalism Italy
• Militarism/Nationalism Russia
• Militarism/Nationalism France
• Consequences War was inevitable ???
• Domestic factors
• Germany (Kaiser needed to prove his manhood?)
• Austria-Hungary (needed to unite ethnicities)
• France (hating on Germany!!!)

10
Causes of War, World War I

• Imperialism
• They needed more stuff!
• Places / resources / power
• Italy Germany possessed no colonies and they
  wanted in on the land grab game!!!
• Austria-Hungary wanted Balkans
• Germany hating on the Brits
• Russia is insecure wants to increase influence
  in Turkey (straits) Balkans, too!

11
Causes of War, World War I

• Brits FR rule but feel their power
  declining
• Brits
• The Middle East market was threatened by Germany
  and Italy
• The China market was being lost to the U.S. and
  Japan
• FR
• Although France was really declining, French
  governments followed well-thought out
  expansionist aims overseas and refused to be
  intimidated
• They added to the empire in North Africa (Tunis
  was added to Algeria) and in eastern Asia in
  Indo-China
• Until 1903, Britain blocked French imperial
  ambitions FR hated Britain, too!

12
Causes of War, World War I

• Causes of the War
• The isms
• Nationalism
• Imperialism
• Militarism
• Entangling alliances
• Triple Alliance Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy
• Triple Entente Britain, France, Russia
• Powder Keg of Europe

13
Unit 1 Causes of War, World War I

• Balkan Wars
• Growing Russian Support of Serbia
• The Assassination
• Austria-Hungary believed that
• Serbia and Russia would be restrained by Austrian
  diplomacy backed by Germany
• Russia was utilizing Balkan discontents against
  Austria-Hungary
• A diplomatic offensive was no longer enough
• Serbia needed to be punished or the empires
  role as a great power would be at an end
• If they could prove that Russian protection could
  not save Serbia from Austria-Hungarys wrath, the
  lesson would not be lost on the other Balkan
  states

14
Causes of War, World War I

• Blank Check
• AH gives Serbia an Ultimatum to which Serbia
  complies (except for Austrian rule) but war is
  declared anyway July 28, 1914
• On August 1st, 1914, war was declared on Russia
• On August 3rd, 1914, war was declared on France
• On August 4th, 1914, Germany invaded neutral
  Belgium Britain declared war on Germany the same
  day

15
Causes of War, World War II

• Treaty of Versailles
• Germans were forced to sign in June 1919
• Vengeance, not reconciliation, was the treatys
  dominant tone
• Article 231 War Guilt Clause Germany had to
  accept everything as their fault
• Great Depression
• Destroyed the positive and encouraging economic
  and political developments of the years between
  1924 and 1930

16
Causes of War, World War II

• The Great Depression Debts Reparations
• Dawes Plan 1924
• Created a cycle
• U.S. banks loaned money to Germany
• Germany paid reparations to France and Britain
• France and Britain paid war debts to the U.S.
• Isolationism in Britain, SERIOUS economic
  problems in Germany!!!

17
Causes of War, World War II

• Failure of the WEIMAR REPUBLIC
• Rise of HITLER!!!
• Spread of FACISM
• Hitler Mussolini
• Aryanism Lebensraum
• Policy of Appeasement the granting concessions
  to potential enemies to maintain peace
• BR FR reasons to appease

18
Causes of War, World War II

• Policy of Appeasement
• Disarmament Conference (GER withdrew 1933)
• German-Polish Non Aggression Pact (Jan 1934)
• Anglo-German Naval Agreement (June 1934)
• Remilitarization of the Rhineland (1935)
• Italian invasion of Abyssinia (Oct 1935)
• Spanish Civil War (GER IT sent weapons)

19
Causes of War, World War II

• Neville Chamberlain
• Austrian Anschluss (1938)
• Sudeten Crisis/Czechoslovakia (1939)
• Munich Conference (September 29th)
• German occupation of the Sudeten area was agreed
  to. Chamberlain even got Hitler to sign the a
  paper promising to settle all future Anglo-German
  differences by diplomacy
• Czechoslovakia (March 1939)
• Hitler breached the Munich settlement by taking
  rest of Czechoslovakia

20
Causes of War, World War II

• Hitler signed the Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact
  on August 23, 1939
• Danzig Dispute
• Germany wanted it (population was 96 German),
  Poland didnt want to give it up (port city!)
• Germany invaded Poland September 1st, 1939
• Failure of the League of Nations

21
Causes of War, World War II

• Summary of the Causes of WWII
• The clash of ideologies
• Economic pressures and opportunities
• Room to cultivate food and move undesirables
• Changes in military technology and strategic
  thought
• Long-standing territorial disputes, conflicts of
  interest, psychological tensions between peoples
• Propaganda and coercion
• Prestige and material interests
• Appeasement and confidence

22
Causes of War, World War II

• Remember MAIN!!!
• Militarism (naval build up/remilitarization)
• Alliances (entaglement!!!)
• Imperialism (colonialism/neo-colonialism)
• Nationalism (in particular w rise of Hitler!)

23
Effects of War, WWI

• Discussed Economic Effects first biggest!!!
• Blockades
• Britain and Germany relied heavily on imports to
  feed the population and supply the war industry
• Since Britain had a superiority of naval vessels,
  Germanys only chance to compete was through
  U-boats
• They used unrestricted submarine warfare to sink
  any ships in the area of Britain

24
Effects of War, WWI

• Effects in Germany
• 750,000 German civilians died of starvation
  during and after the war
• blockade continued until June 1919 in order to
  force the Germans to sign the Versailles Treaty
• Sinking of the Lusitania the Zimmerman Telegram
  (if Mexico were to join Germany in an alliance,
  they would get Texas and Arizona in return)
  brought US into war
• Deaths Russia suffered THE MOST! Followed by
  Germany

25
Effects of War, WWI

• Devastation In Belgium France the Balkans,
  Middle East, and Italy Africa and the Pacific
• Rise of the United States
• Inflation is the greatest single economic factor
  because of massive
• War budgets
• Demand, which caused shortages of many consumer
  goods
• Virtually every able-bodied person was employed
  to keep up with the demand
• When resources became scarce, nonessential firms,
  which tended to be small, were simply closed down
• This combination of high demand, scarcity, and
  full employment sent prices soaring, even in the
  best managed countries

26
Effects of War, WWI

• Results of inflation were
• Value of money went down
• The standard of life went down
• People living on fixed incomes or small earnings
  were hurt the most
• Had to plant gardens for food
• Had to take odd jobs like repairing clothes

27
Effects of War, WWI

• Dawes Plan ( subsequent Young Plan) both
  failed!!!
• Both were designed to help Germany meet its
  reparation payments
• The U.S. would lend money to Germany Germany
  would make reparation payments to Britain and
  France Britain and France would pay back loans
  to the U.S.
• This made the countries dependent on the U.S.
• Defaults led to Great Depression rise of
  extreme nationalism!

28
Effects of War, WWI

• Social effects
• Disillusionment (All Quiet on the Western Front)
• Trench warfare
• Shell Shock
• Development of arms race / arms manufacturers
  became major enterprises
• Effects of rationing
• Effects on women (rise of public employment)

29
Effects of War, WWI

• Womens suffrage
• Many restrictions on women disappeared during the
  war. It became acceptable for young, employed,
  single middle-class women to
• Have their own apartments
• Go out without chaperones
• Smoke in public
• Women's skirts rose above the ankle permanently
• Effects on African Americans
• Growth of Labor Unions

30
Effects of War, WWI

• Restrictions of Civil Liberties during war
• Propaganda
• Armenian Genocide
• Influenza
• Moved on to Effects of War, WWII
• Started w effects on Germany USSR

31
Effects of War, WWII

• German Soviet war children where many women
  were raped, often repeatedly
• Women were seen as collaborators ostracized
  from society (FR DEN)
• Holocaust
• By May 1945, every 2 out of 3 Jews were murdered
• A total of 6 million Jews were killed, along with
  2 million others
• Communists, Jehovahs Witnesses, Roma and Sinta
  (gypsies), Socialists, trade unions, homosexuals,
  Polish and Soviet dissidents, and the mentally
  and physically disabled were also in the
  Holocaust

32
Effects of War, WWII

• Germany
• 3 million soldiers killed or missing
• ½ million civilians killed
• Millions more wounded and disabled
• Parts of cities were totally flattened
• No key industry had suffered more than 20 losses
• Conditions were BAD post war in GER!!!

33
Effects of War, WWII

• Germany
• Germans were distrusted by Allies
• 15 million German people expelled from several
  countries after the war
• An estimated 500,000-3 million died in the
  expulsion
• Rehabilitation of Nazis (re-education)
• Nuremburg Trials
• German Occupation

34
Effects of War, WWII

• Soviet Union
• Relaxed their ideology to maximize the war effort
• Propaganda appealed to Mother Russia rather
  than communism
• Soldiers could not talk with local populations
• Captured Russian soldiers, when repatriated, were
  sent to the Gulags or simply shot
• Rigid censorship in newspapers was imposed

35
Effects of War, WWII

• Soviet Union Origins of the Cold War
• Different philosophies/ideologies
• Democratic capitalism
• Marxist communism
• The Western Allies had appeased the growing power
  of Hitler partly in the hope that he would
  destroy the Soviet state for them
• The USSR had been supplying the Luftwaffe with
  aircraft fuel with which to fight the Battle of
  Britain and to bomb British cities in the Blitz
• Delays in opening a second front angered the
  Soviets

36
Effects of War, WWII

• Soviet Union
• From the scorched earth policy
• 25 million were homeless
• Factories were destroyed
• Railways disrupted
• Farm machinery was almost non-existent
• 21 million died
• 1 in 4 Russians were killed or wounded
• Lend-lease aid from the U.S. was ended in August
  1945
• Reparations were exacted from the Soviet zones of
  Germany and Austria

37
Effects of War, WWII

• Soviet Union
• The Soviets wanted Poland because
• Russia wanted a buffer area because they had been
  invaded many times
• 1 time by the French
• 2 times by the Germans
• 1 time by the Poles
• The Soviets then installed a Polish Communist
  government

38
Effects of War, WWII

• Eastern Europe disappeared from Western sight
  behind the iron curtain of secrecy and
  isolation
• East Germany
• Poland
• Czechoslovakia
• Hungary
• Romania
• Bulgaria
• Finland
• Yugoslavia
• Albania

39
Effects of War, WWII

• Britain
• Britains financial situation was dependent on
  U.S. lend-lease aid
• Gave up colonies
• Formation of Israel
• British controlled Palestine was given the Jews
  to establish a safe haven and homeland
• Greek Civil War (1944-49)
• British troops liberated them in 1944
• Most of the Greek people didnt wish to return to
  pre-war political and social conditions, so they
  supported the EAM a communist Greek National
  Liberation Front

40
Effects of War, WWII

• France
• Grave shortages of food and fuel
• Infrastructure devastated
• Mandates of Syria and Lebanon were given
  independence during WWII
• It was policy to draw a veil over the Vichy years
  to conciliate and unite the nation
• Italy
• The perception of Italians was better than the
  Germans because they entered on the side of the
  Allies and didnt commit atrocities on the scale
  of the Germans

41
Effects of War, WWII

• US
• Not so bad off
• Trumans Fair Deal
• Japanese internment
• GI Bill Provided federal grants which gave
  soldiers money for college, to start new small
  businesses, or build a new home
• Baby Boom Caused an growing need for
  educational resources
• Interstate Highway System Would be created
  under Eisenhowers administration because he saw
  it as a way to move military supplies around the
  country quickly. He got the idea from his
  wartime experiences in Europe (Autobahn)

42
Effects of War, WWII

• Origins of the Cold War
• Atomic bomb
• The Marshall Plan
• Aid through the Marshall Plan was intended to
  create strong democracies and open new markets
  for American goods
• The Soviet Union was invited to join, but refused
• Americans were buying their way into European
  affairs
• Wouldve had to accept it on difficult terms
  making vast political reforms and have outside
  controls
• They discouraged their satellite nations from
  joining as well
• Occupation of Japan

43
Effects of War, WWII

• Psychological, social effects of WWII
• Women, minorities, economics
• End of European domination, myth of white
  supremacy in the eastern part of the world

44
Single Party States

• Hitler, Lenin, Stalin EUR
• Mao ASIA
• Castro AMERICAS
• Unit 4 Origins of the Cold War
• Unit 5 Vietnam
• Unit 6 End of the Cold War

45
Foreign Policy of AdministrationsTruman
(1945-53)

• Doctrine
• The policy of the United States to support free
  peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation
  by armed minorities or by outside pressures
• Policies
• Containment (Kennan) U.S. would resist Soviet
  attempts to form Communist governments elsewhere
  in the world
• Important Events
• Atomic Bombs Marshall Plan Berlin Airlift
  Korean War
• Potsdam Intervention in Turkey Greece
  NATO
• Iran Controversy McCarthyism China Is
  Communist

46
Foreign Policy of AdministrationsEisenhower
(1953-61)

• Doctrine
• U.S. pledged military and economic aid to Middle
  Eastern nations threatened by communism
• Policies
• Massive Retaliation (Dulles) roll back
  communism use of nuclear weapons New Look
  Foreign Policy - Build up SAC (Strategic Air
  Command) i.e. Superbombers Domino Theory if
  one country was allowed to fall to communism,
  then others would fall too
• Important Events
• Hungarian Rebellion KGB CIA Suez
  Crisis Space Race Begins (Sputnik)
  Lebanon Crisis Summit Conferences U-2
  Incident

47
Foreign Policy of AdministrationsKennedy
(1961-63)

• Doctrine
• Containment of Communism and the reversal of
  Communist progress in the Western Hemisphere
• Policies
• Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD) (McNamara)
  build up your nuclear arsenal so much that the
  other side will be afraid to attack you Single
  Integrated Operational Plan (SIOP) a plan for
  the possible launching of a first strike against
  the Eastern bloc Flexible Response (McNamara)
  an array of military options that depended on the
  gravity of the crisis at hand
• Important Events
• Vietnam War Berlin Wall Bay of Pigs
  Cuban Missile Crisis

48
Foreign Policy of AdministrationsJohnson
(1963-69)

• Doctrine
• Domestic revolution in the Western Hemisphere
  would no longer be a local matter when "the
  object is the establishment of a Communist
  dictatorship
• Policies
• Vietnam War escalation Operation Rolling Thunder
  authorization of the bombing of North Vietnam
  Cointelpro CIA can turn intelligence operations
  on domestic activities
• Important Events
• Gulf of Tonkin Incident/Resolution

49
Foreign Policy of AdministrationsNixon (1969-74)

• Doctrine
• The U.S. would honor its existing defense
  commitments, but that in the future, Asians and
  others would have to fight their own wars without
  the support of large amounts of American ground
  troops
• Policies
• Vietnamization turning over the war to the
  South Vietnamese Peace With Honor withdrawing
  from Vietnam, but leaving not as in a defeat,
  rather with honor Détente
• Important Events
• Cambodia Kent State/Jackson State
  Pentagon Papers 26th Am Paris Peace Agrmt
  War Powers Act Vietnam ends Ostpolitik

50
Foreign Policy of AdministrationsFord (1974-77)

• Doctrine
• None
• Policies
• Détente continues Neoconservatives start to
  affect policy
• Important Events
• Helsinki Accords

51
Foreign Policy of AdministrationsCarter
(1977-81)

• Doctrine
• Would use military force if necessary to defend
  its national interests in the Persian Gulf region
• Policies
• Tough stand on human rights Rapid Deployment
  Force to respond to crisis in far away places
  immediately Wanted young people, including women
  to register for draft Neoconservatives are more
  in govt
• Important Events
• Afghanistan War Boycott Moscow Olympics
  Iran Hostage Crisis SALT II Not Ratified

52
Foreign Policy of AdministrationsReagan
(1981-89)

• Doctrine
• Foster and support irregular forces to overthrow
  pro-Soviet governments in the Third World
• Policies
• Reagan and other top officials are
  Neo-conservatives Believed that an arms race
  would make the Soviet economy collapse Nuclear
  Use Theorists (NUTs) Reagan and others believed
  that the U.S. could fight and win a nuclear war
  Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) would
  vaporize nuclear missiles from space and
  accelerated arms race
• Important Events
• Solidarity Movement Summits in 1985-88
  Berlin Wall Falls