Structural changes of global poultry production and the impact on the environment, including on poultry genetic resources Irene Hoffmann and Pierre Gerber, Animal Production and Health Division, FAO

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Structural changes of global poultry production
and the impact on the environment, including on
poultry genetic resources Irene Hoffmann and
Pierre Gerber, Animal Production and Health
Division, FAO
Guidance for the poultry sector issues and
options Joint FAO-WPSA Symposium at EPC, Tours,
France, 24 August 2010
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Contents

• Poultry production and consumption
• Structural change
• Environmental impact
• Poultry genetic diversity
• Conclusions

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Poultry production and consumption
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Consumption of livestock products is growing
rapidly
Per caput consumption of major food items in
developing countries kg per caput per year
(index numbers 1961100)
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Calorie and protein consumption from poultry

• 90 mill t meat, 63 mill t eggs (2007)
• 28 of world meat production
• 2.5 consumption increase globally, 3.4 in LDC
  to 2030
• low consumer price

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Growth in production animal numbers and yields
(1980-2007)
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Structural change
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Contribution of livestock production systems to
food production
Global
Developing countries
data 2001-2003, Steinfeld et al 2006
68 of eggs and 74 of poultry meat globally from
industrial systems
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Estimated global distribution of poultry
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Estimated distribution of industrially produced
poultry populations
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Geographical concentration of poultry production

• Three types of clusters
• Close to markets (poor transport infrastructure)
• Close to feed resources (well developed transport
  infrastructure)
• In areas characterized by low human population
  density (environmental regulations)

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Changes in geographic concentration of hens in
Brazil from 1992 - 2001
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Spatial distribution around Bangkok
Humans, livestock and feed-crops, 2001
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Feed
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Growing intensities based on expanding
concentrate use
feed concentrate use in 2002, million tons
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Increasing trade of feedstuff
Maize imports (tons)
Soybean imports (tons)
developing countries trade deficit in coarse
grain
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Livestock production and ecosystems
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Livestock production and ecosystems

• Land
• 26 of emerged land used as pasture/rangeland
• 33 of crop land dedicated to feed production
• Water
• 8 of water use mostly for feed
• alters the status of the resource (quality and
  quantity)
• Biodiversity
• wildlife follow on effects of habitat
  degradation and destruction
• narrowing agricultural biodiversity
• Climate
• 18 of anthropogenic emissions when taking a
  food chain approach
• main causes deforestation, manure management
  and enteric fermentation

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Projected poultry manure production in Vietnam
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Nutrient overload
Estimated contribution of livestock to total P2O5
supply on agricultural land, in areas presenting
a P2O5 mass balance of more than 10 kg per
hectare (1998 to 2000).
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Trouble at the mouth of the Mississippi
http//www.sws.uiuc.edu/docs/hypoxia/satimgMorePic
.asp?picHypoWebTrueColor.jpg
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GHG emissions from livestock a food chain
approach
STEP IN FOOD CHAIN ESTIMATED EMISSIONS ESTIMATED EMISSIONS ESTIMATED CONTRIBUTION BY SPECIES ESTIMATED CONTRIBUTION BY SPECIES ESTIMATED CONTRIBUTION BY SPECIES ESTIMATED CONTRIBUTION BY SPECIES
(giga-tonnes) (percent of sector) Cattle Pigs Poultry Small rumts
LULUC 2.50 36 ns
Feed production 0.40 7 ns
Animal production 1.90 25
Manure mgmt 2.20 31 ns ns
Processing and transport 0.03 1 ns
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LCA for 1 MT of broiler
Pelletier, 2008
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Livestock related LUC Deforestation in the
Neotropics
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Main direct drivers of change of biodiversity in
ecosystems
http//www.millenniumassessment.org/en/GraphicRes
ources.aspx
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Poultry genetic diversity
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Local and transboundary avian breeds
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Origin of chicken breeds, by subregion
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Trends within breeding industry

• higher capital investment - vulnerability
• high cost for Genomic selection
• regulation/standards biosecurity, welfare etc
• merger and concentration economies of scale
• implications for genetic diversity?
• vertical integration, spread risk downstream
• strategic research partnerships with (public)
  universities, access to public RD funds

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Productivity differential (production/head)
1961 1970 1980 1990 2000 2006
Eggs, primary 117 95 63 47 45 53
Poultry meat 24 19 20 27 29 31
Partial factor productivity differential between
selected developed countries with commercial
breeding programmes in all species, and the rest
of the world (Production/head) selected
developed countries European Union, USA, Canada,
Australia, New Zealand. data FAO STAT, 2009
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Implications for developing countries

• lt 3 of total global livestock RD investment to
  poultry
• increasing divide between scientific haves and
  non-haves
• high market access barriers
• import of GP/PS stock or day-old chickens
• low incentives to build own breeding programmes
• little characterization, conservation

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Countries reporting breeding programmes
Structured breeding programmes
Chicken 20
Turkey 5
Ducks 8
Geese 4
FAO, 2007
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Status of poultry GR conservation

• 26 countries with in situ / ex situ poultry
  conservation programmes
• 24 chicken
• 7 duck
• 2 geese
• 2 turkey
• 11 cryo-conservation programmes for semen, tissue
  or DNA
• 50 run by government

FAO, 2007
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Proportion of the worlds breeds by risk status
9 extinct 20 at risk 36 unknown
2 extinct 31 at risk 40 unknown
FAO, 2009
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Risk status of chicken breeds, by subregion
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Threats to poultry genetic resources
310 responses, first threat for breeds being
at-risk
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Conclusions

• Environment
• Protein-energy return on investment 18 for
  broiler, 7 for eggs (Pelletier, 2008)
• In most cases, farm level environmental issues
  are limited
• FCR reduction reduced land used to grow feed
  GHG emission/output
• Most of the poultry sectors environmental
  impacts are associated with the feed base
  deforestation, intensive agriculture, nutrient
  and water cycles, esp. in regions characterised
  by high animal concentration
• Genetic diversity
• High share of transboundary breeds
• Intensification and commercialization lead to
  loss of diversity
• Conservation supported by hobby breeders and
  socio-cultural functions

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