Crew Resource Management/ Personal Survival

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Crew Resource Management/Personal Survival
Written for the Notre Dame Pilot Initiative
By University of Notre Dame Pilots/Navigators
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Instructor Introduction

• NROTC Unit Notre Dame
• Naval Flight Officer Training
• VP-10
• VP-31
• Iceland Defense Force
• Naval Postgraduate School
• VP-26
• FASOTRAGRULANT DET Brunswick, ME
• USS Enterprise (CVN-65)
• NROTC Unit Notre Dame

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Lesson Plan Objectives

• Understand goal of CRM
• Know the history of CRM
• Understand behaviors that contribute to
  effective crew resource management
• Understand factors that cause general aviation
  accidents
• Possible actions to take when faced with
  potential survival situation

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Aviation Sea Story
EFFECTIVE CREW RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
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Crew Resource Management
It takes a group of individuals
to make a CREW
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CRM Roadmap

• Goal
• History
• Seven Behaviors

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What is the goal of CRM ?

• To improve
• mission effectiveness
• by minimizing crew preventable errors, maximizing
• crew coordination
• and optimizing
• risk management.

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History of CRM

• Airlines initiated program to increase crew
  coordination.
• NASA conducted research and made recommendations.
• U.S. Navy integrated Aircrew Coordination
  Training.
• Naval Aviation Training and Operation Procedures
• Standardized Flight Procedures
• Academics
• Simulators

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What are the seven behaviors

• D ecision Making
• A ssertiveness
• M ission Analysis
• C ommunication
• L eadership
• A daptability/ Flexibility
• S ituational Awareness

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Decision Making
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What is Decision Making?

• "Decision making is the ability to use logical
  and sound judgment to make decisions based on
  available information "

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Decision Making

• Poor judgment / decision making
• Leading cause of aviation mishaps
• Primary failure to complete missions
• Good decisions
• Optimize risk management
• Minimize errors
• Poor decisions
• increase errors

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Decision Making Process

• A ssess the problem
• V erify information from all sources
• I dentify solutions
• A nticipate consequences
• T ell others decision and rationale
• E valuate the decision

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Factors that Promote Good DM

• Experience
• Extra Time
• Alert Crew Members
• Decision Strategies
• Synergy

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Factors that Promote Good DM

• "Synergy is achieved when the total effect of
  combined action or operation is greater than the
  sum of the individual effects"

SYNERGY
ISOLATION
TEAM EFFORT
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Barriers to Good DM
How to Overcome Decision Biases

• Be aware that we are all prone to them
• Seek information from multiple sources
• Evaluate potential of numerous options
• Evaluate how it would sound on CNN

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Assertiveness
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What is Assertiveness?

• Assertiveness is ones willingness/readiness to
  actively participate, state and maintain position
  until convinced by the facts that other options
  are really better.

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Comfort Level

• Degree to which you feel content with what is
  happening, while taking into account that flying
  a mission can be very dangerous and demanding
• Whenever comfort levels exceeded
• "SPEAK UP"

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The behavior continuum

• Passive

Assertive
Overly Aggressive
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The behavior continuum

• Passive-Overly courteous
• - Avoids conflicts
• - Beats around bush
• - Along for the ride

• Assertive-Actively involved
• - Ready to take action
• - Provides useful information
• - Makes suggestions

• Overly Aggressive- Dominates situation
• - Intimidates
• - Abusive
• - Hostile

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Position of authority ExperienceRankLack of
confidenceFear of reprisal

• What are some barriers to assertiveness?

Assertiveness
Barriers
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Mission Analysis
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What is Mission Analysis ?

• The ability to develop short-term, long-term,
  and contingency plans, as well as to coordinate,
  allocate, and monitor crew and aircraft resources.

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Phases of Mission Analysis
When do we conduct Mission Analysis?
Inflight

• Pre-Mission

Post-Mission
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Communication
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What is Communication?

• Communication is clear and accurate sending
  receiving of information, instructions, or
  commands, and providing useful
• feedback

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What are the two modes of communication?

• Verbal
• ICS
• Radio communication
• Non Verbal
• Any time gestures can be visually observed
• Examples???

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Process of Communication
Feedback
Receiver
Takes in information and provides feedback
Message
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Noise Negative commands (don't go left) Radio
static/interference External radio
communication ICS broken and unreadable Poor
language skills Poor communication skills
Non-standard terminology Rank or experience
inequality Non-relevant communication Task
fixation Task overload/ underload Distractions
Personality conflicts
What are some barriers to communication?
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Use active listening Use appropriate mode Use
standard terminology Require feedback
Techniques for overcoming barriers
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Leadership
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What is Leadership ?

• Leadership is the ability to direct and
  coordinate the activities of crew members and to
  encourage the crew to work together as a team.

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Traits of a Good Leader

• Directs, coordinates, and delegates duties
• Leads by example
• Has knowledge how to accomplish mission
• Fosters superior information flow
• Gives timely feedback in effective manner
• Maintains a professional atmosphere
• Keeps crew constantly informed
• Minimizes assumptions and confusion

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Traits of a Good Follower

• Accomplishes task to accepted standard
• Maintains the necessary knowledge level
• Provides input, suggestions feedback without
  prompting
• Keeps leader informed
• Actively participates
• Helps maintain a positive professional
  team atmosphere

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Adaptability / Flexibility
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What is Adaptability/Flexibility?

• Ability to alter course of action when new
  information becomes available.

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Situations requiring quick adaptation

• Un-briefed situations
• Emergency
• Transition occurs
• Incapacitated crewmember
• Interactions become strained

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Maintaining adaptability/flexibility?

• Anticipate problems
• Recognize and acknowledge changes
• Determine appropriate response
• Offer alternative solutions
• Provide and ask for assistance
• Interact constructively with others

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Encouraging adaptability/flexibility?

• Establish open, positive, and professional
  atmosphere
• Ensure crew understands mission

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Situational Awareness
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What is Situational Awareness?
The degree of accuracy by which ones perception
of the current environment mirrors reality
The Crystal Ball
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Three steps of Situational Awareness

• 1. Perception
• 2. Comprehension
• 3. Projection

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An example using the 3 steps of SA

• Perception We need to get updated
• weather for our destination.

Comprehension The weather for our destination
is below minimums.

• Projection If the weather is below minimums for
  our destination, then we may need to proceed to
  our alternate.

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Factors which reduce SA

• Fatigue
• Stress
• Lack of communication
• Task overload
• Task underload
• Group mindset
• Press On Philosophy

• Attitude
• Habits
• Assumptions
• Biases
• Distractions
• Emergencies
• Weather

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How to maintain good SA?

• Provide information in advance
• Identify potential problems
• Verbalize a course of action
• Detect and discuss deviations
• Demonstrate an ongoing awareness through good
  communication

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CRM Summary

• Decision Making
• Assertiveness
• Mission Analysis
• Communication
• Leadership
• Adaptability / Flexibility
• Situational Awareness

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Crew Resource Management

• A Finely Tuned Crew

functions as ONE
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Personal Survival Roadmap

• Causes of Aviation Accidents
• Survival Situation Priorities
• Psychology of Survival
• Search and Rescue
• Survival Kits

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Causes of Aviation Accidents

• Inadequate preflight preparation / planning
• Failure to obtain / maintain flying speed
• Failure to maintain directional control
• Improper level-off during landing flare
• Failure to see and avoid obstructions
• Mismanagement of fuel
• Improper in-flight decisions or planning
• Mis-judgement of distance and speed
• Selection of unsuitable terrain for landing
• Improper operation of flight controls

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Causes of Aviation Accidents
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When Faced With Survival Situation

• Priorities Should Be
• Medical Care
• Shelter and Fire
• Signaling
• Sustenance
• Water
• Food

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Psychology of Survival

• Survival is
• 5 physical stress
• 95 mental stress
• Worst enemies
• Boredom
• Loneliness
• Bottom line Occupy your mind!!!
• Maintain the WILL TO SURVIVE!!!

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Search And Rescue

• Statistics Most downed aircraft are located
  within 72 hours of crash (3 days/nights)
• Stay with the aircraft??
• Physical Condition of Survivors
• Food / Water Sources
• Availability of Shelter
• Possibilities of Rescue

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Survival Kits

• Required for Pilot to ensure availability
• Certain items required in different areas
• Over Water
• Over Land
• Desert
• Jungle

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Survival Kits (Continued)

• Necessary Survival Kit Items
• Emergency Locator Transmitter (ELT)
• Shelter (Tarp or Tent)
• Blankets
• Fire Starter
• Medical Kit
• Signaling Device
• Food / Water
• Other optional items

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Importance of Water

• Can survive 28 days without food
• Can only survive 2 days without water
• Human body needs 64 oz per day
• Methods of procurement
• Dew
• Rain
• Filtered Puddles
• Melted Snow
• Solar Still

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Personal Survival

• A Well Prepared Crew

THE END
can survive any situation together
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Questions?