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Ethos, Pathos, Logos

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Title: Ethos, Pathos, Logos


1
Ethos, Pathos, Logos
2
Aristotles Proofs
3
Ethos
  • what the audience sees in the speaker
  • appeal based on the character of the speaker
  • is about how the speaker or author presents
    himself or herself. In other words, what are the
    speaker's qualifications for making this
    argument?

4
May be affected by
  • tone of voice, gesture, stories told (or untold),
    institutional roles, reputation
  • Is he humble, sarcastic, arrogant, scientific,
    etc.
  • We make judgments all the time about people's
    ethos.

5
What is the Difference?
Think about going into your doctors office and
seeing a medical degree from Harvard University
versus seeing a degree from a no-name university.
6
The same is true about an author of a piece of
writing. The clues are more subtle but they are
there if you look for them.
7
3 Categories of Ethos to help develop high ethos
  • phronesis - practical skills wisdom
  • arete - virtue, goodness
  • eunoia - goodwill towards the audience.

8
3 violations of Ethos
  • The speaker has a direct interest in the outcome
    of the debate (e.g. a person pleading innocence
    of a crime)
  • The speaker has a vested interest or ulterior
    motive in the outcome of the debate
  • The speaker has no expertise (e.g. a lawyer
    giving a speech on space flight carries less
    gravity than an astronaut giving the same speech).

9
  • CAN YOU THINK OF ANY EXAMPLES OF ETHOS-DRIVEN
    RHETORIC?

10
Pathos
11
Pathos
  • appeals to the audiences sense of identity,
    self-interest, and/or emotion
  • how the audience feels about what the speaker is
    saying or doing

12
May be affected by
  • word choice, urgency of rhythm, shock-, fear-,
    and/or pity-inducing examples
  • How is the audience (of which you are a part)
    being manipulated?
  • Think is the speaker/writer simply playing
    me?

13
  • CAN YOU THINK OF ANY EXAMPLES OF PATHOS-DRIVEN
    RHETORIC?

14
Ways to accomplish Pathos
  • by metaphor or storytelling
  • by a general passion in the delivery and an
    overall amount of emotional items in the text of
    the speech, or in writing.

15
If the writing is a story, and the story is very
sad and you are sitting at home crying while you
read it, are you going to be more sympathetic to
the argument that is being made?
16
Commercials such as those put out by MADD or SADD
are heartwrenching when they show pictures or
talk about children who were killed by drunk
drivers.
17
Does the emotion make you more sympathetic?
18
Of course. You can still believe the argument is
valid, but it is important to realize that your
emotions are being manipulated.
19
Other areas where this happens is during very
patriotic speeches in which you can almost
imagine hearing the National Anthem playing in
the background.
20
If you can imagine music being played in the
background when you are reading or listening to a
speech, pathos is probably involved.
21
The argument may or may not be valid, but you are
being manipulated by your emotions. Be suspicious
of these arguments in general because our
emotions are funny things they can move us to
accept a very illogical argument.
22
Fear and Pity
  • Within pathos, Aristotle makes a distinction
    between fear appeals and pity appeals.
  • He classifies as fear appeals those which suggest
    or state physical harm or death, loss, or
    deprivation of freedom.
  • He classifies as pity appeals those which suggest
    or state "that someone or something helpless is
    being harmed."

23
Logos
24
Logos
  • Appeal based on logic/reason
  • The reason and structure in arguments
  • Often involves numbers, polls, and other
    mathematical or scientific data
  • Does not just mean logic.

25
May be affected by
  • use of comparisons, factual evidence (NUMBERS),
    arrangement of ideas to reach conclusions
  • Think--does the logic follow? Are the statistics
    skewed or unrepresentative?

26
Advantages of logos
  • Data is hard to manipulate, so it is harder to
    argue against a logos argument.
  • Logos makes the speaker look prepared and
    knowledgeable to the audience, enhancing ethos.

27
  • CAN YOU THINK OF ANY EXAMPLES OF LOGOS-DRIVEN
    RHETORIC?

28
Logos
  • Two types of appeal to reason
  • deductive
  • inductive

29
  • Deductive argument--begins with a
    generalization and moves toward a specific
    conclusion.
  • A famous example used by Aristotle himself
  • All men are mortal. (Generalization)
  • Socrates was a man. (Specific case)
  • Socrates is mortal. (Conclusion about the
    specific case)

30
  • Inductive argument-begins with pieces of specific
    evidence and draws a general conclusion.
  • ex. Senator Kennedy argued, in Georgia, blacks
    who killed whites received the death penalty 16.7
    percent of the time, while whites who killed
    blacks received the death penalty only 4.2
    percent of the time.

31
Common Ground
  • Logos also is about where the author and audience
    members meet. Where is the common ground between
    the two?
  • Both sides of a discussion must have common
    ground on which they can build in order to have a
    discussion.

32
Hot Topic Issues
  • Major issues, such as abortion or capital
    punishment, are problematic issues to discuss
    because neither side can find any common ground
    with the other side.
  • Therefore, no discussion can take place. These
    issues will never be resolved between the two
    binaries because no common ground exists between
    absolute black and white issues.

33
Aristotle's artistic proofs are thousands of
years old, however, they still have practical
uses. They (1) allow the audience to understand
public speeches at a greater depth and (2) allow
the speaker to shape and mold her or his speech
to one of success. In addition, according to
Aristotle, they define the study of rhetoric. I
find Aristotle's artistic proofs to be one of the
most useful contributions to the study of
rhetoric.
34
Sources
  • https//segue.atlas.uiuc.edu/index.php?sitescfol
    ey2section4180actionsite
  • http//otal.umd.edu/mikej/supplements/ethoslogosp
    athos.html
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