CONTROL OF PLANT DISEASES - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

1 / 22
About This Presentation
Title:

CONTROL OF PLANT DISEASES

Description:

... nematode-trapping fungi Biological control Antagonism frequently operates under natural conditions; difficult to manipulate due to the modifying effects of ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

Number of Views:312
Avg rating:3.0/5.0
Slides: 23
Provided by: JasonB159
Category:

less

Transcript and Presenter's Notes

Title: CONTROL OF PLANT DISEASES


1
CONTROL OF PLANT DISEASES
  • As plant pathologists, we don't study morphology,
    life cycles, and spread of pathogens because it's
    so interesting instead, the main purpose behind
    understanding pathogens and the diseases they
    cause is so diseases can be controlled.
  • For most crops, the goal is to save most of the
    plant population, not selected individuals.
    exception tree crops (citrus, pecan, timber)

Images and lecture material were not entirely
created by J. Bond. Some of this material was
created by others.
2
Basic principles of disease control
  • Control strategies can be divided into two groups
    based on their effect on the development of
    resistance to the control measure by the
    pathogen
  • Eradicative control measures designed to
    eliminate the entire pathogen population -
    examples pesticides, vertical or complete
    resistance - These tend to select for resistant
    variants of the pathogen. Why? All individuals
    are affected, so the pathogen must adapt or die.
  • Management control measures designed to reduce
    the pathogen population by destroying a portion
    of the population - examples horizontal or
    partial resistance, antagonism, cultural
    practices, quarantine - These do not apply heavy
    selection pressure to the pathogen. Why? Portions
    of the pathogen population remain unaffected, no
    pressure to adapt.
  • Of the two, we prefer to use management
    strategies.

3
Disease control
  • There are four basic types of control measures
  • a. Biological control
  • b. Cultural control
  • c. Legislative and regulatory control
  • d. Chemical control

4
Biological control
  • Manipulation of biotic entities host and
    antagonistic microorganisms
  • 1. Host resistance - control based on the genes
    and the resistance mechanisms they control
  • Van der Plank described two types of resistance
    (1960s these are the "classics)
  • Vertical resistance resistance that is
    effective against some, but not all, races of a
    pathogen decreases the effective amount of
    incoming inoculum (avirulent races can't infect),
    but does not reduce the rate of disease
    development (virulent races are not affected)
  • Horizontal resistance resistance that is
    effective against all races of the pathogen
    decreases the rate of disease development for all
    races

5
(No Transcript)
6
Biological control
  • b. Resistance has been defined in many other ways
    since Van der Plank, including systems based on
    epidemiologic effects, number of genes involved,
    how long the resistance lasts under field
    conditions additional terms you should be
    familiar with are
  • tolerance plants are diseased, but they do not
    yield less than healthy plants
  • induced resistance a normally susceptible plant
    treated with an avirulent strain of a pathogen
    gives a resistant reaction when challenged later
    with a strain that is virulent

7
Biological control
  • 2. Antagonists control using microorganisms
    that inhibit the growth, development, or
    reproduction of pathogens
  • Four types of activity
  • Antibiosis inhibition of pathogen through
    antibiotics produced by the antagonist -
    examples streptomycin (antibacterial, from
    actinomycete), penicillin (antibacterial, from
    fungus)
  • Competition two organisms attempt to utilize
    the same limiting factors (nutrients, oxygen)
    supply not large enough to support both
    antagonist and pathogen
  • Amensalism antagonist makes the environment
    unsuitable for the pathogen (modifies pH,
    temperature, moisture)
  • Parasitism predation antagonist directly
    attacks the pathogen example nematode-trapping
    fungi

8
Biological control
  • Antagonism frequently operates under natural
    conditions difficult to manipulate due to the
    modifying effects of the environment may be
    important in suppressive soils soils in which
    the pathogen cannot establish, develop, or
    survive
  • example Queensland avocado grove has been
    productive for 34 years even though researchers
    routinely collect a virulent isolate of
    Phytophthora from the soil root rot is common in
    nearby groves, but very rare in the grove with
    suppressive soil

9
Note Slide is the property of B.M. Pryor, U.
Arizona
10
Cultural control
  • Cultural (physical) control manipulation of the
    environment
  • There are many types of cultural control. Here
    are few selected examples
  • Crop rotation rotate crops and varieties over
    seasons to reduce pathogen inoculum levels This
    is probably the most widely employed control
    measure in agriculture! example rotate soybean
    with corn to control soybean cyst nematode
  • Selection of planting date or planting location
    choose a time/place favorable for the host,
    rather than the pathogen avoid pathogen or its
    vector example (time) plant cotton late to
    control damping-off caused by Pythium (warm soil)
  • Seeding rate and canopy density adjust
    within-row and between-row spacing to open the
    canopy and reduce diseases that spread in the
    humid, protected canopy environment

11
Cultural control
  • Cultural (physical) control manipulation of the
    environment
  • Irrigation
  • Pathogens can be spread in irrigation water or
    favored by wet soils-example late blight
    (Phytophthora)
  • Pathogens can be controlled by flooding -
    example Fusarium wilt on banana
  • Control insects and weeds insects vector
    viruses and other pathogens weeds serve as
    alternate hosts for pathogens or vectors and
    increase canopy density
  • Sanitation keep area free of diseased plant
    material by pruning diseased branches
    (fireblight), plowing under or burning debris,
    washing and sterilizing harvesting and processing
    equipment (Rhizopus soft rot) poor sanitation
    contributed to the late blight outbreak that
    caused the Irish famine
  • Heat or refrigeration -- hot air, hot water, or
    steam treatments are used to kill pathogens in
    seed or propagation materials harvested fruits
    and vegetables are kept refrigerated

12
Legislative and regulatory control
  • Quarantine detention and associated practices
    for preventing the entry of diseased materials or
    pathogens into an area relatively inexpensive
    can be at federal or state level (CA citrus)
  • APHIS (Animal and Plant Health Inspection
    Service) agency within USDA that runs
  • PPQ (Plant Protection and Quarantine) agency
    responsible for federal quarantines -established
    by the Plant Quarantine Act (1912), which
    resulted from epidemics of chestnut blight and
    Dutch elm disease
  • Pest and Disease Survey national database all
    pests on major crops in each state
  • Action programs -- eradicate or contain pests
    that get past quarantine worked for citrus
    canker (FL) didn't work for potato golden
    nematode on Long Island, NY (birds) sugarcane
    smut, FL (hurricanes)

13
Legislative and regulatory control
  • Quarantine
  • Inspection and certification programs state
    level plants/seeds grown under conditions
    unfavorable for pathogens and are inspected to be
    sure that pests are not transported along with
    packing material
  • Pesticide labeling and applicator certification
    these activities are under the control of the EPA
    (Environmental Protection Agency)

14
Note Slide is the property of B.M. Pryor, U.
Arizona
15
Chemical
  • Application of pesticides
  • Pesticide chemical that kills a pest
    (fungicide, bactericide, nematicide, etc.)
    fungicides as examples, since fungi are the
    largest group of plant pathogens
  • Types of fungicides and selected examples
  • Inorganic
  • Sulfur -- oldest known fungicide
  • Copper oldest formulated fungicide is the
    Bordeaux mixture (downy mildew of grape) still
    the most widely used copper fungicide in the
    world
  • Organic
  • Protective fungicides (preventative, contact)--
    protect infection court
  • thiram (Thiram, Tersan) seed and bulb treatment
    of vegetables
  • dichloran (Botran) used against Botrytis on
    vegetables and flowers
  • Azoxystrobin (Quadris), Pyraclostrobin
    (Headline/Cabrio/Insignia) -- used against leaf
    spots and blights, fruit rots

16
Protective/Contact Fungicides
  • Are sprayed onto foliage to form a protective
    barrier
  • Do not protect emerging plant shoots
  • Must be applied frequently
  • Usually on a schedule, also based upon
    forecasting systems

Note Slide is the property of B.M. Pryor, U.
Arizona
17
Chemical
  • Types of fungicides and selected examples
  • Organic
  • Systemic fungicides (curative) are absorbed
    through foliage or roots and are translocated
    upward through the xylem control already
    established pathogens and protect against new
    infections
  • metalaxyl (Ridomil, Apron) -- controls oomycetes
  • benomyl (Benlate) broad-spectrum fungicide
  • propiconazole (Tilt)/ tebuconazole (Folicur)
    broad-spectrum fungicide
  • aldicarb (Temik) broad spectrum bacteria,
    nematodes, etc.

18
Chemical
  • Types of fungicides and selected examples
  • Inorganic
  • Organic
  • Fumigant highly volatile, small molecular
    weight compounds with activity against a wide
    variety of pathogens (not limited to fungi)
    dangerous to humans
  • example methyl bromide currently being pulled
    from market due to danger to nontarget organisms,
    including humans

19
Fungicide Resistance
Fungicide Resistance the inheritable
modification of a fungus to a fungicide. Fungi
become less sensitive to a fungicide due to a
mutation.
Note Slide is the property of B.M. Pryor, U.
Arizona
20
Actions That Lead To Resistance
  • Continuous use of a single fungicide or
    fungicides with the same mode of action
  • Not using tank mixes of multiple fungicides
  • Not alternating fungicides with different modes
    of action

Note Slide is the property of B.M. Pryor, U.
Arizona
21
Examples of Fungi Resistance
Fungicide Pathogen Disease
Tersan 1991 Sclerotinia Dollar
Spot Subdue Pythium Pythium Blight Chipco 26019
Microdochium Pink Snow Mold Bayleton Sclerotinia
Dollar Spot
Note Slide is the property of B.M. Pryor, U.
Arizona
22
Fungicide Resistance Management Strategies
  • Alternate or tank mix fungicides with different
    modes of action
  • Minimize applications of fungicides that are
    susceptible to resistance development
  • Use label rates
  • Integrate other control methods with fungicide
    usage
  • Use fungicides to prevent disease development
    instead of as a curative action

Note Slide is the property of B.M. Pryor, U.
Arizona
Write a Comment
User Comments (0)
About PowerShow.com