The French Revolution How to Lose Your Head in More Ways than One

1
The French Revolution How to Lose Your Head in
More Ways than One
2
French Revolution The Causes

• French Society under the Old Regime
• Three Estates Clergy, Nobles, All Others
• Tax Privilege Issues gtgt Internal Divisions
• Enlightenment Thought America
• Financial Crisis due to ? Debt Natural Disaster
• Failed Reforms
• Reputation of Monarchy untrustworthy
• Necker Report misinformation of true condition
• Calonnes proposal tax changes rejected
• Briennes proposal land tax changesrejected
• The Deadlock Estates General called agendas?

3
The Revolution Begins

• Estates General gtgt National Assembly
• Organization Vote Debate
• Equal or population based?
• Vote by head or by order?
• Third Estate ActsClergy?
• Forms National Assembly
• Tennis Court Oath
• Standoff gtgt Lockout gtgt gtgt Constitutional
  Assembly
• July 14, 1789
• Troops called Necker fired
• Bread Prices Up Militia
• The Bastille attacked 1st violence
  tri-color

4
The Revolution Continues

• Bastille violence gtgt mobs gtgt Great Fear
• Violence vs. Nobles Clergy peasant rights
  NOW!
• August 4, 1789
• Equality before the law
• Equal Opportunity
• Declaration of Rights of Man the Citizen
• Male oriented
• Free equal
• Liberty, property, security freedom from
  oppression
• Marat agitates encourages violence via press
• Natural Disaster gtgt Womens March on Versailles
• Poor harvests Famine Inflation ? anger ????
• Bread Recognition gtgt Violence Royals to Paris

5
Reconstructing France

• Government by Constitutional Monarchy
• Legislative Assembly (laws) King (delay veto)
• Active Citizenry
• Male taxpayer suffrage elector privilege
• Olympia de Gouges gtgt Declaration of Rights of
  Woman
• Administrative Departments Courts
• Economic Changes
• Chapelier Law no unions
• Metric System science / math based, not
  monarch!
• Confiscation of Church lands resell to ? debt
• Assignats government bonds gtgt inflation

6
What was the basic cause of the French Revolution?

• A majority of the French people wanted to replace
  the monarchy with a republic
• France was a weak country in severe economic
  decline
• The past abuses of the Old Regime
• The support of the nobles for the absolute rule
  of Louis XVI
• The invasion of France by foreign powers
• Answer C

7
Reconstructing the Catholic Church in France

• Civil Constitution of the Clergy
• Dissolves nearly all religious orders in France
• Requires clerical oath of allegiance
• Constitutional Priests
• Creates strong opposition condemnation by Roman
  Catholic Church Pope Pius VI
• Church lt gt State Separation
• Essentially kills French RC Church

8
Counter-Revolutionary Movements

• Émigré
• Nobles who fled
• Planned to reinstate monarchy Old Regime
• Flight to Varennes, June 1791
• Royal family flees, is captured returned to
  Paris under arrest as enemy of the revolution
• Declaration of Pillnitz (A), August 1791
• Austria Prussia promise intervention if
• Royal family harmed

9
The Second RevolutionPower Struggle 1791gtgt

• Jacobins political club
• Republic of Civic Virtue
• Representative Government, laissez-faire
• Girondists moderate faction of Jacobins
• Émigré laws return or ??...vetoed by King
• War declaration on Austria why?
• Sans-Culottes Working class
• Economic relief
• Direct Democracy
• Paris Commune gtgt September Massacres
• Execution of aristocrats loyalists 1792

10
The End of the Monarchy

• December 1792 Louis XVI put on trial
• Condemned for conspiracy
• January 1793 Citizen Capet is guillotined

11
Europe vs. the Revolution

• Edmund Burkes condemnation
• Revolution creates instability violence
• Led to repression across Europe fear!
• The Partitions of Poland
• 1772 Partition led to more reforms
• 1791 Polish Patriots reform government along
  enlightened ideas
• 1793 Poland partitioned is Russian puppet
• 1795 final Polish partition, ceases to exist

12
The Reign of Terror Defending the Revolution at
home

• France v. First Coalition (A, P, GB, Sp, N)
• French export of revolutionary ideals
• Europe wants protection from radicalism
• Committee of Public Safety Robespierre
• Accuses executes Enemies of the Revolution
• Levée en Masse
• Mass conscription of all males production
• Massive mobilization to protect revolution

13
Robespierres Republic of Virtue

• Public good over private good
• Exclusion of women
• Followed Rousseaus separate spheres
• Olympia de Gouges guillotined
• De-Christianization
• New Calendar, persecution
• Worship of Reason
• Tribunals v. enemies death
• Marie Antoinette, aristocrats
• Jacques Danton, other republicans
• 25000 citizens executed

14
End of the Terror

• Cult of the Supreme Being
• Deist Cult with Robespierre as Priest
• Overextension of Terror by Robespierre
• Danton other leaders executed? ppl.
• Law of 22 Prairial conviction w/o evidence ?
• 9 Thermidor Robespierres arrest execution ?
• Thermidorian Reaction
• New leadership Less radical White Terror
• Religious Revival Conservatism New
  Constitution
• Constitution of Year III
• More conservative
• Council of Elders Council of 500 Directory
  (5)
• Property basis of suffrage social status
• Economic Political Instability who gains /
  loses power?
• Royalists attempt to restore monarchy NB hero!
• In this chaotic time, who will people follow?

15
The French Revolution

• Questions to ponder

16
Which of the following best characterizes
eighteenth century France just prior to the
revolution of 1789?

• The economic status of the peasants improved
  dramatically
• The aristocracys power had completely eroded
• The clergys privileges were declining
• The monarchy was experiencing a financial crisis
• Participation by the bourgeoisie in political
  affairs was increasing dramatically
• Answer D

17
The main purpose of the womens march to
Versailles in October 1789 was to

• Provide the National Assembly king with a
  declaration of support
• Protest the seizure of Louis XVI Marie
  Antoinette by the National Guard
• Present their concerns to the queen
• Protest the lack of female representation in the
  National Assembly
• Ensure the kings support for the Declaration of
  the Rights of Man lower bread prices
• Answer E

18
The French Reign of Terror is most closely
associated with the

• Womens march to Versailles
• Establishment of the Committee of Public Safety
• Issuance of the Civil Constitution of the Clergy
• Drafting of the Declaration of the Rights of Man
  Citizen
• Reform of criminal civil law
• Answer B

19
The calling of the Estates-General in France by
King Louis XVI in 1789 was the direct result of

• An uprising of the sans-culottes in Paris
• Frances defeats in the Seven Years War
• The impact of the ideology advocated in the
  American Revolution
• The failure of the Assembly of Notables to
  endorse the kings program of tax reform
• The recommendation by Jacques Necker, Frances
  Director General of Finance
• Answer D

20
Which of the following best describes the French
Third Estate?

• The palace at the Tuileries, which was the chief
  royal residence after Versailles and the Louvre
• The nobility of the robe, who acquired their rank
  by purchase
• The non-noble, non-clerical section of the
  Estates-General
• The revolutionary faction that launched the Reign
  of Terror
• Counterrevolutionary provinces that resisted the
  National Assembly
• Answer C

21
At the start of the meeting of the
Estates-General, the Third Estate refused to have
their credentials officially recognized because

• They resented that the three estates met voted
  separately, by order
• They doubted the decisions would be made by fully
  democratic means
• The aristocracy also refused to show credentials
• They resented the idea of including peasants in
  the Third Estate
• The king refused to hold future meetings
• Answer A

22
What is the main point of the political cartoon
provided?

• The uniqueness of French innovation
• The French people support each other greatly
• The appropriateness of absolutism
• The unfairness of French society
• The superiority of France
• Answer D