Human Development-Modules 8-10

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Human Development-Modules 8-10
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Modules 8-10
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Piaget-Cognitive Development

• Stage 1 Sensorimotor Stage (Birth-2)
• Infant tries to coordinate senses with motor
  skills
• Develops symbolic thought (mental images)
• Object permanence around 9 months, mastered 18
  months

Disc Psych
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• Stage 2 Preoperational Stage (2-7 yrs)
• Has not achieved conservation the awareness
  that as something changes in physical qualities,
  the quantity does not change
• Centration-they only have the ability to focus on
  one aspect of a problem at a time
• Irreversibility-they are unable to envision
  reversing an action that has already been done

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• Egocentrism-they are unable to take anothers
  point of view
• Animisim-when child assigns human qualities to
  inanimate objects
• Artificialism-the childs belief that natural
  objects are manmade
• Literalism-takes the spoken word seriously

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• Stage 3 Concrete Operational Stage (7-11 years)
• Child attains conservation, ability to reverse,
  they are able to decentrate, experience less
  egocentrism, less artificialism, less animism,
  less literalism

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• Stage 4 Formal Operational Stage (11 years and
  up)
• Child now achieves abstract, hypothetical thought

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• Child achieves conservation of
• Number Age 6 to 7
• Mass Age 7 to 8
• Length Age 7 to 8
• Area Age 8-9

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Attachment

• Bonding is defined at the tie an infant may form
  with a parent in the hours after birth
• Attachment is a longer process, one that is more
  enduring

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How does attachment occur?

• Babies will cry, which elicits care from parent
• Social smiling 4 to 6 weeks which elicits joy
  and pleasure from parent
• At 6 months, babies will display pleasure when
  parent returns after a short absence
• At 9 months child begins to display separation
  anxiety (this appears to be a signal that
  attachment has formed)

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Lorenz and attachment

• Imprinting-
• Formation of a strong bond of attachment to the
  first moving thing seen right after birth
• Lorenz made himself the first thing seen by
  goslings and sure enough they followed him
• The goslings follow Lorenz everywhere

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The Harlows and attachment

• Baby monkeys were separated from their mothers
  right after birth
• Some were put in a room with a wire cylinder
  surrogate mother
• Some were put in a room with a soft, terry-cloth
  covered cylinder
• When scared, the infants preferred to go to the
  soft mother-demonstrated that attachment is
  about who provides contact comfort

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Video clip
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John Bowlby

• 1st to study human infants
• Found those separated from mothers upon birth
  initially cried loudly and threw tantrums
• Later, crying gave way to despair
• Finally, infants showed emotional detachment

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Mary Ainsworth

• Put children in Strange Situation found three
  types of attachment
• Secure type use mothers as a secure based, look
  around occasionally, limited exploration in
  mothers absence. Cried when mother left and
  were happy upon return. (65-70)
• Insecure-avoidant type paid little attention to
  mother when she was in room, separated easily
  from mother. Showed little distress when she
  left and ignored her upon return. (20)

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• Insecure-ambivalent type clung to mother and
  were reluctant to explore environment. High
  level of distress when mom left and still showed
  distress upon her return. (10 percent)
• Later studies by others revealed a 4th
  pattern-disorganized/disoriented attachment in
  which the infant appears confused and were unable
  to approach the mother directly for supported
  even when distressed

Strange Situation
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Effects of Daycare and Attachment

• Some believe that daycare interferes with
  attachment
• Research has shown no effects on infant mother
  attachment
• Some research suggest that children in daycare
  may be more aggressive though this may be due
  to mediocre daycare
• High-quality daycare seems to have no negative
  effects

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• Some studies suggest that children who attend
  daycare may do better on tests of language skills
  and math skills than children who stay at home
• Attachment during infancy appears to carry over
  into later relationships

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Gender and attachment

• Typically, attachment may be stronger with mother
  than father
• This may be changing today as more men are
  staying home to be primary caregiver

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Parenting styles

• Adolescents respond to different parenting styles
• 1. Authoritarian parents attempt to shape and
  control behavior based on a set standard of
  conduct, usually based on an absolute standard.
  Tend to use harsh discipline.

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• 2. Authoritative attempt to direct their
  childrens activities in a rational and
  intelligent way. They are supportive, loving,
  and committed, encourage verbal give-and-take,
  and discuss rules and policies with their
  children. Value being expressive and independent
  but are still demanding. These children tend to
  be competent. Girls tend to be
  achievement-oriented and boys tend to be friendly
  and cooperative.

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• 3. Permissive parents less controlling and
  behave with a non-punishing and accepting
  attitude toward childrens impulses, desires and
  actions.

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• Parenting styles tend to influence the
  adolescents development of independence
• Authoritarian-less behavior problems, but more
  conforming and lower self-esteem
• Authoritative-teens more friendly, cooperative,
  better adjusted to college
• Permissive-less socially assertive and less
  achievement oriented
• The better the communication between parents and
  children, the less risk-taking behavior children
  engage in

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Eriksons Eight Stages of Man
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Erikson Quote

• "...children cannot be fooled by empty praise and
  condescending encouragement. They may have to
  accept artificial bolstering of their self-esteem
  in lieu of something better, but what I call
  their accruing ego identity gains real strength
  only from wholehearted and consistent recognition
  of real accomplishment, that is, achievement that
  has meaning in their culture"

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Eriksons eight stages of man

• Erikson is the first psychologist to go beyond
  adolescence and recognize that life still changes
  beyond this time
• This is perhaps because he was practicing at a
  time when adolescence was a factor
• The eight stages are

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Trust vs. Mistrust

• Birth to 1 year
• To develop trust infants needs must be met
• Must be played with, cuddled
• When care is inconsistent or rejecting, mistrust
  develops child becomes suspicious and fearful

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Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt

• Ages 2-3
• Child developing new motor and mental abilities
• Parents should encourage autonomy
• If parents are impatient and does things for
  child, or if they are critical, the child will
  begin to doubt themselves and feel shame
• Caution dont give too much autonomy

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Initiative vs. Guilt

• Ages 4-5
• Child becomes master of his body
• Begins tasks like riding a bike, running, cutting
• Children who are given the freedom and
  opportunity to engage in tasks have sense of
  initiative reinforced
• Parents should not try to hinder fantasy or play

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• If parents make the child feel bad or feel like a
  nuisance with their questions, the child will
  develop a sense of guilt

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Industry vs. Inferiority

• Ages 6-11
• Elementary school years
• Love for opposite sex parent is repressed
• Children really begin to learn and play by rules
• Concern for how things work, how things are made,
  and what things actually do
• Children who are encouraged to make things, do
  things or build things will develop a sense of
  industry

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• Parents who see their child as mischievous or as
  messy will help the child develop a sense of
  inferiority
• School plays a critical role during this
  period-friends and teachers play an integral role
  in development
• It is in this stage that lifelong academic
  failure can begin

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Identity vs. Role Confusion

• Ages 12-18 (some argue up to 23 today)
• Seeks to find a romantic partner due to
  reawakened Oedipal complex
• Begin hypothetical thinking, thinking about what
  others think of them
• Adolescent works to integrate everything they
  know about themselves to create an identity

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• When an adolescent cannot attain a sense of
  personal identity, they show role confusion, a
  sense of not knowing who they are or where they
  belong to.
• Role confusion often seen with delinquent
  adolescents or promiscuous young girls
• For some, having a negative self identity is
  better than having no identity at all

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Intimacy vs. Isolation

• Ages late adolescence to young to early middle
  age
• People will reach out to find an intimate
  relationship
• Able to care about another without losing oneself
  in the process
• Parents have indirectly contributed to the
  individuals success or failure at the earlier
  stages.

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Generativity vs. Self-Absorption (Stagnation)

• Ages middle age
• Concerned with others beyond immediate family,
  with future generations, nature of society
• Those who dont meet this need tend to fall into
  focus only on their personal needs and comforts

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• May see the person beginning to question how
  prosperous they were or how well they have done
  for themselves.
• Men may go through a mid-life crisis women may
  go through empty nest syndrome

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Integrity vs. Despair

• Ages elderly
• Time for reflection on life
• Hope to look back on life with satisfaction
• Some look at life as a series of missed
  opportunities and now realizes it is too late
• These people may look back and have despair over
  what might have been

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Kohlbergs Moral DevelopmentWhat would you do
if.?

• You are in your senior year of high school. You
  are close to failing your senior English class.
  You will pass the class if you do very well on
  your English final exam.
• You are looking through your English teachers
  desk for a stapler when you come across the final
  exam. Do you take it?

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Kohlbergs Stages of Moral Reasoning

• Level 1 Preconventional Stage childs moral
  reasoning is based on external authority
• Stage 1 Punishment orientation based on being
  or not being punished (ages 1 to 5)
• Stage 2 Naïve Reward Orientation based on
  receiving or not receiving a reward (age 5 to 10)

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• Level 2 Conventional Level child sees rules
  as necessary for maintaining order.
• Stage 3 Good boy/good girl-seeks approval and
  avoids disapproval from others (8 to 12 years
  old)
• Stage 4 Authority Orientation morals based on
  societys rules which should be obeyed. Rules
  are very rigid (around 10 to 14 years old)

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• Level 3 Postconventional Level working within
  ones own personal code of ethics
• Stage 5 Social Contract Orientation Morals
  based on societys rules, however rules are now
  questioned and seen as fallible (early
  adolescence)
• Stage 6 Individual Principles and Conscience
  Orientation Morals based on justice, where the
  person does what they believe is right
  (adolescence)

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Adolescence

• G. Stanley Hall calls it sturm and drang
• Physical development primary sex and secondary
  sex characteristics develop
• Adolescents tend to develop the imaginary
  audience and the personal fable

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Piaget and egocentrism

• Imaginary audience is when one believes that
  others are very concerned about what is happening
  with them
• Personal fable is an exaggerated sense of ones
  uniqueness in life so unique that no one could
  possibly understand their feelings

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Gilligan and Kohlberg

• Carol Gilligan felt that Kohlberg was biased
  towards women in his theory of moral development
• Stated that women adopt a more care
  orientation-more on caring and compassion
• Men develop a more justice orientation-more on
  fairness and rights

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Erikson and adolescence

• Stated that children in adolescence strive to be
  free of parental and authoritative control
• Leads to withdrawal from parents and other family
  members

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Marcia and adolescence

• Stated that adolescents end up in 1 of 4 places
  identity statuses
• Foreclosure-when the child is forced to live out
  the dreams of the parents. May lead to
  bitterness and resentment
• Diffusion-when child has not achieved an identity
  and feels confused about who they are and where
  they want to go in life. Often take dead-end
  jobs

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• Moratorium when child wants to put off their
  future for a while so they can explore other
  options. May take meaningless jobs for a while
  or travel, but they do plan to move on to college
  or a more meaningful job
• Achievement go to college or get a meaningful
  job know the direction they want to go

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Gilligan and adolescence

• Studied female self-esteem
• Prior to adolescence, female and male self-esteem
  is similar
• During adolescence, female self-esteem drops
• Girls tend to doubt themselves more
• May be torn between sexual maturity and being the
  nice girl
• Pressure to engage in close cooperative
  relationships which may reduce autonomy

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• Girls tend to fight the feminine ideal those
  who are too tall tend to slouch, those who are
  too short tend to try to look taller. Often
  become preoccupied with looks and weight.
• Girls tend to report a higher incidence of
  depression, dissatisfaction with their bodies,
  eating disorders and lower self-esteem
• Males tend to have stress at the onset of
  adolescence and tend to level off by the time
  they are in their teens

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Adolescence and maturation

• Early versus late maturation
• Early maturing boys tend to be
• More sociable
• Be more confident
• Be more likely to be involved in sports
• Receive more social recognition from adults and
  peers
• Have others overestimate their competence
• Trusted more by parents who question them less

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• Late maturing males tend to be
• More anxious
• More eager
• More attention-seeking
• Rated by teachers as less masculine and less
  physically attractive
• feel socially inferior and feel inadequate
• Tend to score lower on achievement tests

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• Early maturing females tend to be at a
  disadvantage in that they
• Tend to be less outgoing and less popular
• May be more anxious and depressed
• May be more likely to be drawn into relationships
  that they are not emotionally ready for

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• Late maturing females tend to be
• Less popular with boys
• Temporarily more well adjusted than early
  maturing females

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Brain development

• Frontal lobe development lags behind emotional
  limbic system impulsiveness, emotional storms,
  risky behaviors
• When frontal lobe matures so do emotions and
  judgment.
• Before prefrontal cortex fully develops, amygdala
  has major control

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Social development

• Move in crowds more
• More interaction with peers
• Search for intimacy intensifies
• Increased distance from family towards
  independence

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Independence

• Maturation into adulthood from childhood
• Adolescents become able to accept responsibility
  for actions and choices
• More time spent among peers than adult influence
  (i.e. mandatory school, clubs, sports, and after
  school activities) has affect on independence
• Peer pressure (short vs. long term)

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Elderly

• Psychogeriatrics-
• Study of the behavioral changes and problems that
  face the elderly
• Changes in physical, social and emotional
  development can lead to psychological problems

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Elderly

• Ironically, the last part of the brain to
  develop, the prefrontal cortex (during early
  20s), is the first part of the brain to go
  downhill (mid 20s)

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Elderly

• This affects fluid intelligence more than it does
  crystallized intelligence
• Fluid intelligence how quickly one processes
  information in novel situations
• Crystallized intelligence-the knowledge one
  has-ability to use skills and experience

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Elderly

• Delirium-
• Characterized by
• Agitation
• Inattention
• Disorientation
• Memory problems
• Confused
• Restless
• May lead to dementia or death

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Elderly

• Psychosis-
• When logic or perception of reality is impaired
• Characterized by hallucinations, delusions,
  confusion
• Associated with sensory loss and social isolation

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Elderly

• Dementia-
• Progressive degenerative cell loss
• Affects memory, thinking, emotions and behavior
• 50-60 of those with dementia are diagnosed with
  Alzheimers

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Elderly

• Alzheimers is the third leading cause of death
  in the elderly (behind heart disease and cancer)
• No cure, but new treatments may slow down the
  progression of the disease

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Elderly

• Current estimates are that 26 million adults are
  afflicted with Alzheimers
• By 2050, it is estimates that almost 100 million
  adults will have Alzheimers

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Alzheimers

• Currently, the cost of Alzheimers is 100
  million per year
• At this rate, the U.S. would be devastated
  financially if a cure is not found

Taking baby aspirin may delay the onset of the
disease and potentially slow the progression
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Elderly

• The most common mental disorder in the elderly is
  depression
• The suicide rate in the elderly is particularly
  high due to illness, loss of income, retirement,
  loss of friends and loved ones, etc.

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Elderly

• Suicide is a big problem amongst the elderly, yet
  it is often ignored
• From 1980-1992, there were over almost 75,000
  suicides by the elderly

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Elderly

• It is believed that between 6,000-10,000 elderly
  people commit suicide per year
• White males are at most risk for suicide
• Most use a firearm, second is hanging and third
  leading method is overdose
• Often looks like an accidental death from an
  overdose of meds

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Kubler-Ross

• Stages of Death and Dying
• Denial
• Anger
• Bargaining
• Depression
• Acceptance

Growing old