Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology

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Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology

• Chapter 1

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The Systems- Review Table

• Done! And we made our Cadaver Models.
• IMPORTANT POINT Models are only representative
  of structures/functions. They give us something
  to manipulate to help us understand or a way for
  us to see a process/concept that we cant
  normally see.
• Models are important in science BUT they are not
  perfect.
• A model can be 3D, a 2D picture or animationetc.

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Organs are PACKED in!
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What is Anatomy Physiology?

• Anatomy
• study of the structure and shape of the body and
  its parts
• Physiology
• study of how the body and its parts work or
  function

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Anatomy Levels of Study

• Gross Anatomy
• Large structures
• Easily observable

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Anatomy Levels of Study

• Microscopic Anatomy
• Very small structures
• Can only be viewed with a microscope

Figure 14.4
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• How does MICRO MACRO relate to AP?
• Majority of this class focuses on the organ
  system level BUT to understand how organs work we
  need to understand the microscopic structures
  chemical reactions which happen there!

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Structural and Functional Organization
www.hkpe.net/.../images/body_levels.jpg
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• Understanding Diagrams is vital to science!
• Using this picture you and your table should
• 1. fill in as many graphically represented body
  systems parts as you can
• 2. describe what the arrows depict
• 3. then write a paragraph describing what the
  diagram is depicting in general on the back of
  the paper.
• I will be coming around to help you?

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Integumentary
food
CO2
O2
Respiratory
Digestive
Cells
nutrients
Nutrients/O2 in Waste/CO2 out
Cardiovascular
Interstitial fluid
Nitrogenous Waste/Salts
Urinary
feces
Urine
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• Example The picture depicts how all of the organ
  systems are connected. We can see that the
  integumentary system protects the body from the
  external environment. The digestive
  respiratory system take in nutrients oxygen
  which are distributed throughout the body by the
  circulatory system. The circulatory system then
  moves waste products to the respiratory system
  (carbon dioxide) excretory system (urine).

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Important POINT!

• NO organ system is completely separate from
  another. They all work together.
• YOU CAN live (a long healthy life) with out one
  of the systemswhich one???

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Homeostasis

• Your body works because its constantly working
  to achieve homeostasis.
• Homeo same
• Stasis state

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• Whenever you do anything you put your homeostasis
  in jeopardy.
• Ex drinking fanta LOTS of sugar
• high blood sugar release of insulin
  absorption of sugar in to cells to be metabolized
  ?
• If you do not produce insulin diabetic, then
  you have a major problem b/c unmetabolized sugar
  is DEADLY. YOUR HOMEOSTASIS is out of wack!

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• Negative feedback loops
• Loop opposes the stimulus
• Becomes too hot-action is to cool down OR too
  cold shiver to warm up.
• Used to regulate body phyiology (not just
  temperature)
• Ex home central heat/air

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• Positive Feedback loops
• Increases the stimulus
• vicious cycle
• Not a way to regulate b/c drives body away form
  balance
• Sometimes it IS necessary
• Ex Child birth
• Contractions continue to increase in strength
  until baby is born

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Overview of Homeostasis
Figure 1.4
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• Answer the following question on your own on a
  sheet of paper put your answer in the bin.
• When becoming dehydrated we usually feel thirsty
  which causes us to drink fluids. Determine
  whether the thirst sensation is part of a
  negative or positive feedback loop and defend
  your choice.

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• 1. Fix your cadaver. Use the books in this room
  to check placement.
• 2. Take tracing paper create the regions (with
  names) over your organs.
• A) On a separate sheet of paper draw the regions
  and their names then list the organs that fall
  in each region.
• 3. Take a new sheet of tracing paper create
  the quadrants over your organs.
• A) On the other side of your paper draw the
  quadrants/names list the organs in each.

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The Language of Anatomy

• Special terminology is used to prevent
  misunderstanding
• Exact terms are used for
• Position
• Direction
• Regions
• Structures

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• Liver
• Gall bladder
• Stomach
• Lg/Sm Intestine
• Diaphragm

• Liver
• Stomach
• Lg/sm intestine
• Diaphram

• Lg/sm Intestine
• Bladder

• Lg/sm intestine
• Bladder

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Right Hypochondriac Liver Gall bladder Diaphragm Epigastric Liver Stomach Lg. Intestine Diaphragm Left Hypochondriac Stomach Lg. intestine Sm. Intestine Diaphragm
Right Lumbar Lg intestine Unbilical Lg/sm intestine Left Lumbar Lg/sm intestine
Right Iliac Lg intestine Hypogastric Sm. Intestine Bladder Left Iliac Lg. Intestine
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Body Planes
Figure 1.6
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Visible Human Project

• http//www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/mpeg/umd_v
  ideo.mpg
• http//www.madsci.org/lynn/VH/planes.html

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Visible Human Project

• http//anatquest.nlm.nih.gov/AnatQuest/AwtCsViewer
  /aq-cutaway.html
• Cavities in reality

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Body Cavities
Figure 1.7