The Challenge to Spain and the Settlement of North America

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Chapter 2

• The Challenge to Spain and the Settlement of
  North America

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2
Protestant Reformation Affected European
Exploration Context

• Calvinist ideas posed challenge to Catholicism
• French Huguenot movement, Dutch Reformed Church,
  and Presbyterian church of Scotland all embraced
  Calvinist principles
• Gave rise to Puritanism in England
• France, the Netherlands, and England, all
  powerful Protestant countries, challenged Spanish
  power in Europe and abroad

3
French Exploration

• Giovanni da Verrazano explored Atlantic coast
  from Carolinas to Nova Scotia in 1534
• Jacques Cartier explored St.Lawrence Valley
  between 1534 and 1543Samuel de Champlain led
  eleven voyages to Canada by 1645
• Established colony at Acadia (Nova Scotia)
• Founded Quebec in 1608
• Sought friendly relations with Native
• Americans

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Early New France

• Catholicism declared only acceptable religion in
  1625
• Important role of Jesuit Missionaries
• Totally opposed to presence of Protestants in
  colony
• Believed the Indians could retain their
  traditions while still accepting Catholicism
• Concentrated attention on five confederated Huron
  nations
• Mastered Indian languages and cultures
• Only Europeans who measured up to Indian
  standards of bravery
• Lost ground after 1640s and especially after the
  crown assumed control of New Frances after 1663

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New France and the Jesuit Missions
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New France under Crown Control

• Tried to transform colony into model absolutist
  society
• Professional soldiers to provide defense
• Concerted measures to increase the colonys
  population
• Population increased from 3,000 to about 14,000
  between 1664 and 1700
• Largest cities were Quebec, Three Rivers and
  Montreal

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New France Under Crown Control (cont.)

• Wheat farming took hold
• Fur trade also important
• Several hundred settled in the Mississippi valley
  in what became the Illinois country
• Imported slaves from Louisiana for wheat farming
• Frenchmen also settled in the Caribbean
• Founded sugar colonies on Saint-Domingue,
  Guadeloupe, and Martinique
• Sugar Islands worth far more than Canada

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Dutch Overseas Empire

• Became leaders in spread of personal liberties
  and religious toleration
• Political power was decentralized
• Local leaders favored free trade and resisted
  monarchical control
• Dutch East India Company chartered in 1602
• Replaced Portuguese in Spice Islands

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Dutch Overseas Empire (cont.)

• Dutch West India Company chartered in 1621
• Controlled African slave trade, Brazil, the
  Caribbean, and North America
• New Netherland established in 1624 on present/day
  Manhattan
• Depended on goodwill of nearby Indians
• Traded furs from urban centers dud not venture
  inland
• Established large estates (patroonships)
• North Americas first experiment in ethnic and
  religious toleration
• Population rose markedly after 1647

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New Sweden

• Founded in 1638 at present-day Wilmington near
  the mouth of the Delaware River on land claimed
  by New Netherland
• Primarily Swedish and Lutheran in orientation
• Conflict with New Netherland
• Threatened by English expansion from Virginia and
  New England

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Early English Exploration

• Interest in Exploration emerged slowly
• Role of English Reformation
• Rise of Puritans and Separatists and their role
  in overseas expansion
• Example of Ireland
• English formed their preconceptions about
  American Indians largely from contact with the
  Irish
• Sir Humphrey Gilbert efforts to subdue the Irish
  in the 1560s
• Use as springboard for colonizing America
• Claimed Newfoundland in 1583
• Colonization efforts of Sir Walter Raleigh (or
  Raleigh)
• Roanoke Island founded in 1585
• No sign of colony left in 1590

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The Early Virginia Colony

• London Company launched expedition in 1607
• Settled on James River and founded Jamestown
• Jamestown settlement
• No obvious source of wealth colonists focused on
  sheer survival
• Settlers survived only because of friendly
  Indians
• Colony almost abandoned in 1610
• Tide turned thereafter
• Role of Tobacco in colonys early survival
• Economic diversification attempts failed
• Permitted to select own assembly, the house of
  Burgesses
• Conflict with Indians decimated colony in 1622
• Crown assumed control of the colony in 1624,
  making Virginia a royal colony

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Virginia Company Charter, 1606
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Royal Virginia

• Colony thrived between 1622 and the 1640s
• Indian wars almost continuous until 1632
• Tobacco exports financed purchase of indentured
  servants
• Social mobility allowed former servants to
  purchase own land until prices dropped in 1660
• Thereafter, richest 15 percent of population
  dominated society

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Maryland

• Established in 1632 as haven for persecuted
  English and Irish Catholics
• Proprietary colony, as were most new colonies
  after 12630
• Most settlers ended up being Protestant
• Toleration Act of 1649 granted freedom of
  religion to all Christians
• Bicameral legislature established
• Agricultural products included tobacco, corn and
  livestock

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Family Life in the Chesapeake

• Population became self-sustaining around 1680
• Life expectancy lower than in England
• Marriage practices differed from England
• Importance of extended family connections
• Weak patriarchal ties

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The Rise of Slavery in America

• Arrived in Barbados on sugar plantations in the
  1650s
• By 1700, slaves outnumbered Europeans there
• Conditions for slaves were terrible
• Sugar islands far more profitable than mainland
  colonies well into the eighteenth century
• First Africans arrived in Virginia before 1619
• Initially were probably indentured servants
• Slave system firmly established in the Chesapeake
  after 1680
• Established racial caste system throughout the
  colonies

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Plymouth and Massachusetts Bay

• Pilgrims founded Plymouth in 1620
• Initially intended to settle in Virginia
• Blown off course and ended up well north of
  Virginias boundaries
• Mayflower Compact bound settlers to accept will
  of the majority
• Received extensive help from local Wampanoag
  Indians
• Puritans secured charter in 1629 to establish
  colony at an unspecified location

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Plymouth and Massachusetts (cont.)

• Settlers arrived in waves thereafter and
  established numerous towns
• About 13,000 settlers arrived in New England by
  1641, most as families
• Colonys economic success came to rest on
  shipbuilding
• As colony prospered economically, its religious
  foundation eroded
• Environment was healthy and extended life
  expectancy for residents
• Families became intensely patriarchal
• Puritan religious life
• Vital force behind Puritanism was quest for
  conversion
• Proof that one has been saved
• Could take months or years to achieve

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Religious Dissent and the Founding of New Colonies

• Connecticut founded as series of separate
  settlements beginning in the mid 1630s
• Founders feared Massachusetts was too strict in
  certifying church members
• Soon established the most severe requirements for
  church membership in New England
• Rhode Island established in 1636, also originally
  as series of separate settlements
• Original settlers supported religious toleration
  and the separation of church and state

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New England in the 1640s
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Religious and Government Institutions in New
England

• Congregation became dominant religious
  institution at local level
• Abolished Anglicanism established own forms
• Established own forms of government and control
• Town meetings decided local government matters
• Bicameral legislature by 1640s decided colonial
  wide issues
• Body of Liberties in 1541 laid out colonists
  rights
• Comprehensive law code in 1648 established legal
  system different in many ways from English system

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Religious and Government Institutions in New
England (cont.)

• Half-Way Covenant emerged to deal with lack of
  conversions among colonists
• Allowed parents who had been baptized but who had
  not yet experienced conversion to have their
  children baptized
• Took hold after 1670s and 1680s

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The First Restoration Colonies

• Carolina founded in 1663
• Former servants from Maryland and Virginia
  founded North Carolina
• Former servants from Barbados established South
  Carolina
• Proprietors drafted Fundamental Constitutions in
  1669
• Sought to establish ideal Aristocratic society
• Rejected repeatedly by colonists between 1670 and
  1700
• Colonists established far more diversified
  economy than proprietors has anticipated
• The two Carolinas became separate colonies in the
  early eighteenth century

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The First Restoration Colonies (cont.)

• South Carolina became leader in rice production
• Triggered massive growth of slavery
• New York established in 1664
• Took over land claimed by New Netherland
• Conflict between English and Dutch settlers
• Initially, little provision for self-government
• New Jersey became separate proprietary colony in
  1665
• Offered greater self-government than New York,
  which made it more attractive to English settlers
• Continued demands for self-government resulted in
  convening of legislatures in 1683
• Adopted a Charter of Liberties that proclaimed
  government by consent

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Quaker Colonial Settlement in America

• Quakers had experienced persecution at hands of
  other Christians in England
• Opposed slavery, disdained formal religious
  trappings
• Supported full equality of the sexes
• Settled in Delaware valley between 1675 and 1690
• Jockeyed with other groups for domination of West
  and East New Jersey and Delaware
• Maintained friendly relations with Indian
  neighbors
• First Frame of Government (1682) laid out initial
  government plan
• Revised in Second Frame, or Pennsylvania Charter
  of Liberties in 1683
• Became a haven for all religious
• Colony quickly became an economic success

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