Europe: The End of the Middle Ages

1
Chapter 22

• Europe The End of the Middle Ages

2
The Rise of the Secular State

• The impact of economic change
• Popes Mendicant Orders check heresy
• Spiritual problem of prosperity
• Loss of respect for Church
• Taxes
• Fees

3
The French Monarchy

• Louis IX St. Louis (1226-70)
• Parliament of Paris
• Heard appeals of local administrative agents and
  from courts of feudal lords
• Established legal basis for royal claims to
  supremacy over all subjects
• Crusades 1248 1270
• Canonized
• Crusades
• Political value

4
St. Louis
5
The English Monarchy

• Henry III (1216-72)
• 1225 reconfirms Magna Carta
• 1240 out of favor with English Barons over policy
• 1258 Heavily in debt asks barons to reform
  government
• Simon de Montfort gains control defeated by
  Edward 1265

6
Lateran Council of 1215

• Trial by Ordeal

7
Edward I and Parliament

• Edward I (1272-1307) 2 objectives
• Restore royal authority
• Become supreme ruler of the British Isles
• Edward makes greater use of Parliament
• Get advice on policy, Settle difficult legal
  cases, Make statutes, and obtain grants of taxes
• Model Parliament - 1295
• Representatives of all counties and towns

8
France Under Philip the Fair (1287-1314)

• French barons struggle to preserve local rights
• Bureaucrats grow enormously during reign
• Spent large part of reign warring with great
  vassals (King of England Count of Flanders)
• Difficulty in raising taxes
• Explains military weakness
• Estates General never becomes as powerful as
  English Parliament

9
Ideas that Distinguish the Modern Sovereign State

• The welfare of the state was the greatest good
• The defense of the realm was the greatest
  necessity
• Opposition to duly constituted authority was the
  greatest evil

10
The Struggle with the Church

• Boniface VIII (1294-1303)
• Question of loyalties of clergy to church or
  state?
• Popes of Avignon (1305-1378)
• Known as the Babylonian Captivity

11
The Great Schism

• Pope Gregory XI Returns to Rome (1377)
• Pope Urban VI (1378-1389)
• Pope Clement VII (1378-1394)
• Council of Constance 1417

12
Bubonic Plague

• The Little Ice Age, c. 1300 CE
• Decline of agricultural output leads to
  widespread famine
• Bubonic Plague spreads from south-west China
• Carried by fleas on rodents
• Mongol campaigns spread disease to Chinese
  Interior

13
Spread of Plague

• Mongols, merchants, travelers spread disease west
• 1346 Black Sea ports
• 1347 Mediterranean ports
• 1348 Western Europe

14
Path of the Plague
15
Symptoms of the Black Plague

• Inflamed and discolored lymph nodes in neck,
  armpits, groin area
• Buboes, hence Bubonic
• 60-70 mortality rate, within days of onset of
  symptoms
• Extreme northern climates less affected
• Winter hard on flea population
• India, sub-Saharan areas unaffected
• Reasons unknown

16
Population Decline (millions)
17
Social and Economic Effects

• Massive labor shortage
• Demand for higher wages
• Population movements
• Governments attempt to freeze wages, stop serf
  movements
• Riots result

18
England in the Later Middle Ages

• Edward II (1327-77)
• Loved courtly magnificence and chivalric warfare
• The Hundred Years War The first phase
• Edward his son The Black Prince (also named
  Edward) capture French King
• French pay ransom for king and cede 2/5s of
  their country
• French have no intention of keeping treaty,
  launch war of attrition that exhausts Englands
  resources

19
Rebellion Revolution

• Richard (1377-1399)
• Barons rule inefficiently
• Peasant rebellion 1381
• Richard tries to increase royal power 1386, fails
  to secure army
• Duke of Lancaster takes thrown as Henry IV
  (1399-1413)

20
The Hundred Years War The Second Phase

• Henry V (1413-22)
• Forces Charles VI to accept treaty
• Henry VI infant king
• Charles VII Claims French thrown

21
Joan of Arc
22
The Defeat of England

• Charles VII (1422-61)
• Joan of Arc
• To make war on the Holy Kingdom of France was to
  make war on the Lord Jesus.