Frequency of Antibiotic Resistance among Bacteria Isolated From a High School Setting

1
Frequency of Antibiotic Resistance among Bacteria
Isolated From a High School Setting

• Katie Amato
• Columbia High School

2
Introduction

• The number of intestinal infections is
  approaching 100 million cases per year in the
  United States.
• Resistant bacterial strains often double hospital
  stay duration and mortality rates as compared to
  strains that can be treated.

3
Introduction

• Antibiotic a molecule used to kill
  microorganisms and treat bacterial infections

nextnature.net
itech.dickinson.edu
4
Introduction

• Resistance can be caused by DNA transfer via
  plasmids, or environmental factors changing the
  DNA.
• A growing problem as the antibiotics we have are
  becoming less and less effective.

5
(No Transcript)
6
Introduction

• Antibiotics work by targeting different parts of
  the bacteria cell and inhibiting proper function.
• If the antibiotic interferes with the synthesis
  of the cell wall, the bacteria will not
  reproduce, but will die.
• For example, the interaction of penicillin with
  penicillin-binding proteins.

7
mrsatopic.com
8
Review of Literature

• Mao, EF, et al. Proliferation of mutators in a
  cell population. Journal of Bacteriology (Jan.
  1997) 417-422.
• Mutagens and mutations
• Giraud, Antione et al. Mutator bacteria as a
  risk factor in treatment of infectious diseases.
  Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy (Mar.
  2002) 863-865.
• Synergy treatment
• High concentration

9
Review of Literature

• Andersson, Dan. Persistence of antibiotic
  resistant bacteria. Current Opinion in
  Microbiology 6 (2003) 452-456.
• Fitness cost
• Levy, Stuart B., and Marshall, Bonnie.
  Antibacterial resistance worldwide causes,
  challenges and responses. Nature Medicine
  Supplement 10 (Dec. 2004) 122-129.
• Global problem
• Economic costs

10
Hypothesis

• The majority of the bacteria found in this high
  school setting will not express antibiotic
  resistance.

11
Methods

• Wet a sterile swab with sterile distilled water.
• Thoroughly swab selected surface with the wetted
  swab and streak over a 5 Sheeps blood agar
  plate.
• Place plates in a 37 incubator overnight, or
  until colony growth appears.

12
Inoculated
Control
13
Methods

• After colony growth appears, isolate specific
  colonies off of the initial plate.
• Use a sterile loop to pick up bacteria cells, and
  perform a three-point streak onto a different
  blood agar plate for each colony to be examined
  further.
• Permanent stocks of cultures need to be made
  using a glycerol solution.

14
biology.clc.uc.edu
15
Methods

• Gram staining will be used to determine whether
  the bacterium is Gram positive or Gram negative.
• Further testing
• methods will
• depend
• on the Gram result.

student.ccbcmd.edu
16
Mesacc.edu
17
Bd.com
18
Methods

• Samples are to be tested for antibiotic
  sensitivity and/or resistance by exposure to
  different antibiotics (Kirby-Bauer Assay).

blogs.nature.com
19
ResultsPlate 1

• Sample 1-3 was found to be Gram cocci, catalase
  positive, and mannitol fermentation negative.

1-3
20
ResultsPlates 2 and 3
21
ResultsPlate 4

• Sample 4-1 was found to be Gram- bacilli and
  oxidase negative, but has not yet been identified
  using an Enterotube.

22
ResultsPlate 6

• 6-1 Gram- bacilli, oxidase negative, yet to be
  Enterotube-d.
• 6-2 Gram- cocci, not yet identified

6-1
6-2
23
ResultsKirby Bauer Assay
24
Discussion

• Varying amounts and types of bacteria were found
  on all tested surfaces.
• Samples need to be identified.
• 1-3, 6-1, and 6-2 are sensitive to the tested
  antibiotics.

25
Conclusion

• Of the bacteria that consistently grew in fresh
  culture, no resistance was found for the tested
  antibiotics.
• The identity of the various bacterial samples
  remains unknown.

26
Future Research

• Test more antibiotics
• Collect more samples
• Best results would be obtained from freshly grown
  cultures.

27
Acknowledgements

• Dr. Ann Zeeh
• Ms. Gleason and Ms. Strauss
• Ms. Masiello, Mr. Fudge, Mrs. Prout
• Science Research students
• My parents

28
References

• Andersson, Dan. Persistence of antibiotic
  resistant bacteria. Current Opinion in
  Microbiology 6 (2003) 452-456.
• Giraud, Antione et al. Mutator bacteria as a
  risk factor in treatment of infectious diseases.
  Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy (Mar.
  2002) 863-865.
• Klugman, Keith, et al. Bactericidal activity
  against cephalosporin-resistant
• Streptococcus pneumoniae in cerebrospinal fluid
  of children with acute bacterial meningitis.
  Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 39 (6 Jul.
  1995) 1988-1992.
• Levy, Stuart B., and Marshall, Bonnie.
  Antibacterial resistance worldwide causes,
  challenges and responses. Nature Medicine
  Supplement 10 (Dec. 2004) 122-129.
• Mao, EF, et al. Proliferation of mutators in a
  cell population. Journal of Bacteriology (Jan.
  1997) 417-422.
• Paris, Maria, et al. Management of meningitis
  caused by penicillin-resistant
• Streptococcus pneumoniae. American Society for
  Microbiology 39.10 (1995) 2171-2175.
• Sandora, Thomas, et al. Reducing asenteeism from
  gastrointestinal and respiratory illness in
  elemntary school students a randomized,
  controlled trial of an infection-control
  intervention. Pediatrics 2008 121 e1555. DOI
  10.1542/peds.2007-2597.

29
Questions?