Energy and the New Reality, Volume 2: C-Free Energy Supply Chapter 10: The Hydrogen Economy L. D. Danny Harvey [e-mail]

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Energy and the New Reality, Volume 2C-Free
Energy Supply Chapter 10 The Hydrogen Economy
L. D. Danny Harveyharvey_at_geog.utoronto.ca
Publisher Earthscan, UKHomepage
www.earthscan.co.uk/?tabid101808

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Figure 10.1 Efficiency of steam methane reforming
to produce hydrogen
Source Lutz et al (2003, International Journal
of Hydrogen Energy 28, 159167,
http//www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/03603
199)
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Figure 10.2 Capital cost of steam methane
reformers
Source Modified from Weinert and Lipman (2006,
An Assessment of Near-Term Costs of Hydrogen
Refueling Stations and Station Components,
Institute of Transportation Studies, UC Davis)
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Figure 10.3 Capital cost of electrolyzers
Source Modified from Weinert and Lipman (2006,
An Assessment of Near-Term Costs of Hydrogen
Refueling Stations and Station Components,
Institute of Transportation Studies, UC Davis)
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Figure 10.4 Contributions to the total
electrolysis voltage as a function of current
density
Source Berry et al (2003a, Encyclopedia of
Energy, Elsevier 3, 253-265, http//www.sciencedir
ect.com/science/referenceworks/9780121764807)
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Figure 10.5 Typical variation of electrolysis
efficiency with load
Source Ntziachristos et al (2005, Renewable
Energy 30, 14711487, http//www.sciencedirect.co
m/science/journal/09601481)
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Figure 10.6 Variation with operating temperature
of the energy inputs required for electrolysis
Source Ni et al (2007, International Journal of
Hydrogen Energy 32, 46484660, http//www.scienced
irect.com/science/journal/03603199)
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Figure 10.7 Solar H2 production through
high-temperature electrolysis
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Figure 10.8 PEC Structure
Source Bak et al (2003, International Journal of
Hydrogen Energy 27, 991-1022, http//www.sciencedi
rect.com/science/journal/03603199)
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Figure 10.9 Energy required to compress hydrogen
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Figure 10.10 Energy required to transmit natural
gas and H2 by pipeline
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Figure 10.11 Cost of transmitting various a
mixture consisting of various proportions of
natural gas and hydrogen, as a function of pipe
diameter
Source Oney et al (1994 , International Journal
of Hydrogen Energy 19, 813822,
http//www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/03603
199)
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Figure 10.12a Hydrogen Aircraft
Source Airbus (2003, Liquid Hydrogen Fuelled
Aircraft System Analysis. Final Technical
Report (Publishable Version), Airbus Deutschland
GmbH (Project Coordinator) Project No
GRd1-1999-10014, www.aero-net.org)
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Figure 10.12b Hydrogen Aircraft
Source Airbus (2003, Liquid Hydrogen Fuelled
Aircraft System Analysis. Final Technical
Report (Publishable Version), Airbus Deutschland
GmbH (Project Coordinator) Project No
GRd1-1999-10014, www.aero-net.org)
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Figure 10.13 Cost of H2 produced by steam
reforming of natural gas or by electrolysis of
water
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Figure 10.14 Cost of gas transmission vs. energy
flow rate
Source Ogden, J. M. (1999, Annual Review of
Energy and the Environment 24, pp227279)
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Figure 10.15 Cost of H2 that just offsets
(through reduced fuel costs) the increased
purchase cost of H2-powered vehicle over a
10-year operating life for gasoline at 1.0/itre
to 2.0/litre