Internet Protocol version 6 - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Internet Protocol version 6

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Historical Facts In 1983 Research ... Commercial activity and exponential growth The recent exponential ... officially called Internet Protocol version 6 ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Internet Protocol version 6


1
Introduction
  • "Internet Protocol version 6"

Presenter Veena Merz Manager Cisco Networking
Area Academy
2
Why a new Version for IP ?
  • Objective
  • To describes the problems of the IPv4 Internet
    and how they are solved by IPv6.

3
IPv4
  • The current version of IP (known as Version 4 or
    IPv4) has not been substantially changed since
    RFC 791 was published in 1981.
  • IPv4 has proven to be robust, easily implemented
    and interoperable
  • It has stood the test of scaling an internetwork
    to a global utility the size of todays Internet.
  • This is a tribute to its initial design.

4
Historical Facts
  • In 1983
  • Research network for 100 computers

5
Limitations of IPv4
  • 1992 Commercial activity and exponential growth
  • The recent exponential growth of the Internet and
    the impending exhaustion of the IPv4 address
    space.
  • IPv4 addresses have become relatively scarce,
    forcing some organizations to use a Network
    Address Translator (NAT) to map multiple private
    addresses to a single public IP address.
  • While NATs promote reuse of the private address
    space, they do not support standards-based
    network layer security or the correct mapping of
    all higher layer protocols
  • Additionally, the rising prominence of
    Internet-connected devices and appliances ensures
    that the public IPv4 address space will
    eventually be depleted.

6
Limitations of IPv4
  • The growth of the Internet and the ability of
    Internet backbone routers to maintain large
    routing tables.
  • Because of the way that IPv4 address prefixes
    have been and are currently allocated, there are
    routinely over 85,000 routes in the routing
    tables of Internet backbone routers.
  • The current IPv4 Internet routing infrastructure
    is a combination of both flat and hierarchical
    routing.

7
Limitations of IPv4
  • The need for simpler configuration.
  • Most current IPv4 implementations must be either
    manually configured or use a stateful address
    configuration protocol such as Dynamic Host
    Configuration Protocol (DHCP).
  • With more computers and devices using IP, there
    is a need for a simpler and more automatic
    configuration of addresses and other
    configuration settings that do not rely on the
    administration of a DHCP infrastructure.

8
Limitations of IPv4
  • The requirement for security at the IP level
  • Private communication over a public medium like
    the Internet requires encryption services that
    protect the data being sent from being viewed or
    modified in transit.
  • Although a standard now exists for providing
    security for IPv4 packets (known as Internet
    Protocol security or IPsec), this standard is
    optional and proprietary solutions are prevalent.

9
Limitations of IPv4
  • The need for better support for real-time
    delivery of dataalso called quality of service
    (QoS)
  • While standards for QoS exist for IPv4, real-time
    traffic support relies on the IPv4 Type of
    Service (TOS) field and the identification of the
    payload, typically using a UDP or TCP port.
  • Unfortunately, the IPv4 TOS field has limited
    functionality and over time there were various
    local interpretations.
  • In addition, payload identification using a TCP
    and UDP port is not possible when the IPv4 packet
    payload is encrypted.

10
IPv4/8 Address Space Status (Sept. 2005)
Sources from NRO (Number Resource Organization)
11
Status of 256 /8sIPv4 Address Space
http//www.potaroo.net/tools/ipv4/index.html
12
IPv4 AllocationsRIRs to LIRs/ISPs
Yearly Comparison
13
IPv4 AllocationsRIRs to LIRs/ISPs
14
ASN Assignments RIRs to LIRs/ISPs
Yearly Comparison
15
ASN AssignmentsRIRs to LIRs/ISPs
Cumulative Total (Jan 1999 Jun 2007)
16
IANA IPv6 Allocations to RIRs
issued as /23s prior to Oct 06
17
IANA IPv6 Allocations to RIRs
issued Oct 06
RIR IPv6 Address
AfriNIC 2C000000/12
APNIC 24000000/12
ARIN 26000000/12
LACNIC 28000000/12
RIPE NCC 2A000000/12
18
IPv6 Allocations RIRs to LIRs/ISPs
Yearly Comparison
19
IPv6 Allocations RIRs to LIRs/ISPs
Cumulative Total (Jan 1999 Jun 2007)
20
Links to RIR Statistics
  • RIR Statswww.nro.net/statistics
  • Raw Data/Historical RIR Allocationswww.aso.icann
    .org/stats
  • www.iana.org/assignments/ipv4-address-space
  • www.iana.org/assignments/as-numbers
  • www.iana.org/assignments/ipv6-unicast-address-
    assignments

21
Emergency Measures
22
1. CIDR
  • Allocate exceptionally class B addresses
  • Re-use class C address space
  • CIDR (Classless Internet Domain Routing)
  • RFC 1519 (PS)
  • network address prefix/prefix length
  • less address waste
  • allows aggregation (reduces routing table size)

23
2. NAT
  • Advantages
  • Reduce the need of official addresses
  • Ease the internal addressing plan
  • Transparent to some applications
  • SecurityNetadmins/sysadmin
  • Disadvantages
  • Translation sometime complex (e.g. FTP)
  • Apps using dynamic ports
  • Does not scale
  • Introduce states inside the network
  • Multihomednetworks
  • Breaks the end-to-end paradigm
  • Security with IPsecgt

24
3. Private Addresses(RFC 1918 BCP)
  • Allow private addressing plans
  • Addresses are used internally
  • Similar to security architecture with firewall
  • Use of proxies or NAT to go outside
  • RFC 1631, 2663 and 2993
  • NAT-PT is the most commonly used of NAT variations

25
  • IPv6 .

26
IPv6 Background
The recommended proposal was SIPP with 126 bit
address size.
27
Architects of IPv6 ProtocolSteven Deering and
Robert Hinden
28
History of IPv6
29
IPv6 Features
  • New header format
  • Large address space
  • Efficient and hierarchical addressing and routing
    infrastructure
  • Stateless and stateful address configuration
  • Built-in security
  • Better support for prioritized delivery
  • New protocol for neighboring node interaction
  • Extensibility

30
  • What about IP Version 5 (IPv5) ?

31
IPv5 Overview
  • The Internet Stream Protocol (ST) was an
    experimental protocol defined in 1979 in IEN 119
    (Internet Engineering Note), and was later
    revised in RFC 1190 (ST2) and RFC 1819 (ST2).
  • ST was experimental packet carrying non - IP
    real- time stream protocol.
  • ST was envisioned to be the connection oriented
    complement to IPv4, but it has never been
    introduced for public usage.
  • Many of the concepts available in ST can be found
    today in MPLS.
  • IPv5 never existed.
  • In datagram mode, ST was assigned Internet
    Protocol version number 5.
  • The version number "5" in the IP header was
    assigned to ST.
  • ST was never widely used, but since the version
    number 5 had already been allocated the new
    version

32
Viewing Global Routing Table
  • C/gttelnet router-server.ip.att
    .net

33
Viewing Global Routing Table
34
Viewing Global Routing Table
35
Q A
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