Fuel economy improvements directly correlate to reductions in petroleum consumption

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Introduction

• Fuel economy improvements directly correlate to
  reductions in petroleum consumption
• Average fuel economy of new light-duty vehicles
  is 72 higher than in 1975
• Lighter materials, more advanced engines, hybrid
  technologies

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• Lesson 1
• Introduction to
• Fuel Economy

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• Objectives
• Define fuel economy
• Explain the basic history of fuel economy
• Describe how fuel economy improvements may
  benefit health and the environment
• Explain the economic benefits of improved fuel
  economy
• Describe how fuel economy affects energy security

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Definition of Fuel Economy

• A measure of how efficiently a vehicle uses fuel
• Miles per gallon (MPG)
• Specific tests used to determine ratings
• Affected by vehicle design and operation

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• Steps to Calculate MPG
• Fill up your vehicle and clear the trip odometer
• Drive your normal route
• Return to the same fuel station and fill up your
  vehicle, noting the miles on the trip odometer
• Divide the miles by the gallons that it just took
  to fill up
• The result will be your cars miles per gallon
  for that driving period. This should be done
  multiple times to determine your average fuel
  economy.

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Basic History of Fuel Economy

• Improvements with evolution of ICE
• Early vehicles simplicity and cost
  effectiveness
• Rising fuel prices around
• the world
• Environmental concerns

Figure 1 Rising fuel prices. Source NAFTC.
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• 1973 Oil Embargo
• OPEC members stopped exporting oil to the U.S.
  and its European allies
• Threats were made to cut oil production by 5
  increments until economic and political
  objectives were met
• National maximum speed limit of 55 mph
• Petroleum rationing

Figure 2 Relative fuel economy begins to
decrease above 55 miles per hour. Source
Fueleconomy.gov.
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• Clean Air Act
• Established the EPA
• Sets fuel economy and emission standards
• National Ambient Air Quality Standards
• CO, HC, NOx, PM
• Reduce emissions while improving fuel economy

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Figure 3 Example of emissions reduction trends
for heavy-duty engines. Source DOE.
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• Current Energy Crisis
• Mid 1980s to 2003 price for barrel of oil less
  than 25
• Late 2007 price for barrel of oil more than
  100
• Decline in petroleum reserves, tension in the
  Middle East, oil price speculation, etc

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Figure 4 Petroleum price by year. Source EIA.
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Figure 5 Total U.S. oil supply, 1980-2011.
Source EIA.
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• Policies
• Fuel economy objectives in the next two decades
• Reduce emissions and transportation costs
• Increase overall fuel economy
• ICE Evolution
• Generally gasoline or diesel powered
• Engines have evolved to incorporate fuel
  efficient techniques

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• Gasoline Engines
• First engines inefficient and had low power
  density
• Utilization of carburetor
• Electronically controlled fuel injection
• Diesel Engines
• Heavy-duty applications
• High emitters of pollutant emissions
• Engine and exhaust modifications

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What Affects Fuel Economy?

• Engine and vehicle design
• Fuel is used to create energy
• Road load equation shows where power is consumed
• Consumption increases as engine power increases
• Power for accessories and auxiliary equipment
• Engine Power Power to Accelerate Vehicle
  Power to Overcome Wind Drag Power to Overcome
  Road Grade Power to Overcome Friction
  Accessory Power

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Fuel Economy Today

• EPA tracks emissions for all vehicles
• Fuel efficiency per given amount of power
• Increased standards put in place by the Obama
  administration
• CAFE regulations

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• Manufacturer
• Must meet emissions requirements and fuel economy
  requirements
• Advances in vehicle technology
• Transmission advances (i.e. CVT)
• Vehicle weight and size
• Vehicle aerodynamics

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• Consumers
• Fuel economy is greatly affected by how the
  driver operates the vehicle
• Strategies to improve fuel economy for all
  vehicles
• Each strategy may contribute a small amount
• Some strategies
• Proper tire inflation
• Unload unnecessary weight
• Use cruise control

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• Information from the U.S. Department of Energy,
  Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE) on
  fuel economy information can be found online at
  http//www.fueleconomy.gov/ or by phone at
  1-877-377-3463.

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Why Consider Fuel Economy Improvements?

• Many fuel saving techniques can be implemented at
  no cost
• Required vehicle maintenance
• Aftermarket products often do not work
• Driving habits

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• Advantages of Fuel Economy
• Improvements
• Immediate fuel price savings
• Less petroleum consumption in the U.S.
• Research will create domestic job opportunities

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• Additional Things to Consider
• Some advantages may not give immediate results
• Purchasing more fuel efficient vehicles can
  become costly
• Techniques may not be applicable for heavy-duty
  vehicles

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Fuel Economy Benefits

• Fuel efficient vehicles offer many benefits
• Reduced petroleum consumption
• Far-reaching benefits

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Health Benefits

• Decreased amounts of harmful emissions
• Emissions may lead to respiratory illness
• PM may be carcinogenic
• Efficient vehicles will produce fewer of these
  emissions

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Environmental Benefits

• Fewer emissions
• Emissions may lead to the formation of smog and
  acid rain
• Decreased GHG emissions

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• The Federal Trade Commission has several tips for
  consumers to save money
• At the pump, check the owners manual for the
  most effective octane level
• In the garage, stay up to date on maintenance of
  the vehicle
• When shopping around for a new vehicle, be
  skeptical about any gizmo that promises to
  improve gas mileage

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Economic Benefits

• Higher efficiency lower fuel costs
• Many techniques can be implemented at no charge
  to the driver
• Job creation in the research and production
  sectors
• Government mandated emissions standards

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• To calculate fuel costs and compare savings for
  two vehicles, take a look at http//www.fuelecono
  my.gov/feg/savemoney.shtml

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Energy Security Benefits

• Reduced dependence on foreign oil
• About half of all oil consumed in the U.S. is
  imported
• Stimulates economies outside of the U.S.

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• Upon completing this lesson, can you
• Define fuel economy?
• Explain the basic history of fuel economy?
• Describe how fuel economy improvements may
  benefit health and the environment?
• Explain the economic benefits of improved fuel
  economy?
• Describe how fuel economy affects energy security?

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Test Your Knowledge

1. True or False The higher the fuel economy of a
   vehicle, the greater distance it may travel in
   relation to the amount of fuel it consumes.
2. What is the most common unit of measure for fuel
   economy?
3. Proper _____________ of tires can increase
   vehicle fuel economy.
4. True or False Consumers can apply strategies to
   improve fuel economy only to new vehicles.

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• Lesson 2
• Fuel Economy Policies, Infrastructure, and
  Sustainability

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• Objectives
• Describe the policies that drive fuel economy
  improvements
• Explain manufacturer and consumer methods for
  implementing fuel economy improvements
• Describe how a basic infrastructure of knowledge
  and practices can be distributed
• Explain how fuel economy improvements relate to
  sustainability and cost efficiency

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Fuel Economy Policies

• Policies and laws to deal with and promote fuel
  efficiency
• Reduce air pollution, increase the use of
  domestic energy
• Better driving habits
• Laws that pertain to air quality and vehicle
  emissions standards
• Clean Air Act of 1963
• Air Quality Act of 1967
• Clean Air Act Amendments of
• 1970
• Clean Air Act Amendments of
• 1977

Figure 6 U.S. Capitol building. Source DOE.
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• Corporate Average Fuel Economy
• (CAFE)
• Enacted by Congress in 1975
• Reduce energy consumption by increasing fuel
  economy
• Response to 1973 Oil Embargo
• NHTSA and EPA work to set CAFE
• Average MPG of a fleet for any given model year
• Changing requirements

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• Alternative Motor Fuels Act of 1988
• (AMFA)
• Government must obtain a number of alcohol and
  natural gas vehicles for federal fleets
• Interagency Commission on Alternative Motor Fuels
• Energy Policy Act (EPAct)
• Enacted in 1992 to accelerate the use of
  alternative fuels
• Increase energy security by using domestic fuels

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• Fuel Economy Policies of Today
• Obama administration raised fuel economy
  requirements to 35.5 MPG by model year 2016
• Will save approximately 1.8 billion barrels of
  oil
• Target of 54.5 MPG by
• 2025
• Drastic reductions in fuel
• consumption

Figure 7 President Barrack Obama introduced new
CAFE standards in 2011. Source whitehouse.gov.
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EPA Fuel Economy Window Label

• New window labels for all new vehicles
• Annual fuel cost, average fuel savings, GHG
  rating, smog rating
• Direct consumers to fueleconomy.gov
• Tips and practices to increase fuel economy

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Figure 8 New EPA window label for consumers.
Source EPA.
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• Vehicle Technology and Fuel
• Fuel type is displayed on window sticker
• Gasoline, natural gas, electric, diesel, hybrid
• Fuel Consumption Rate
• Given fuel economy vs. individual fuel economy
• Comparison of vehicles
• Driving techniques greatly
• affect fuel economy

Figure 9 Other labels for alternative energy
sources. Source EPA.
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Figure 10 Gallons per mile measure of fuel
economy. Source fueleconomy.gov.
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• Alternative Fueled Vehicles
• Each fuel has a different energy content by mass
• Miles per gasoline gallon equivalent (MPGe)
• Miles per gallon for gasoline and diesel

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Figure 11 New fuel economy label for electric
vehicle with fuel economy in units of MPGe.
Source EPA.
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• To see all of the new labels, visit
  http//www.fueleconomy.gov/feg/label/docs/EPA_FE_L
  abel-052311.pdf

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• Fuel Economy and Greenhouse Gases
• Ratings from 1 to 10 for fuel economy and GHG
  emissions
• Higher fuel economy better GHG emissions
  profile
• CO2 emissions are given in grams per mile

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Rating MPG CO2 (g/mile)
10 38 0-236
9 31-37 237-290
8 27-30 291-334
7 23-26 335-394
6 22 395-412
5 19-21 413-479
4 17-18 480-538
3 15-16 539-612
2 13-14 613-710
1 0-12 711
Figure 12 Fuel economy and CO2 levels. Source
fueleconomy.gov.
Figure 13 Scale as seen on window sticker.
Source fueleconomy.gov.
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• Smog Rating
• Emissions can lead to smog formation
• New window sticker identifies smog forming
  emissions as other air pollutants
• Based on U.S. vehicle emissions standards

Figure 14 (left) Smog formed from environmental
pollution. Source DOE. Figure 15 (right) Smog
scale for comparison for new vehicle purchase.
Source fueleconomy.gov.
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• Fuel Economy and Emissions Test
• Procedures
• Light-duty vehicles chassis dynamometer
• Heavy-duty vehicles chassis dynamometer, engine
  dynamometer
• Five test cycles
• City driving
• Highway driving
• Air conditioning usage
• High speed driving
• Cold conditions operation
• Federal Test Procedure (FTP)

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Driving Schedule Attributes Test Schedule Test Schedule Test Schedule Test Schedule Test Schedule
Driving Schedule Attributes City Highway High Speed AC ColdTemp
Trip Type Low speeds in stop-and-go urban traffic Free-flow traffic at highway speeds Higher speeds harder acceleration braking AC use under hot ambient conditions City test w/ colder outside temperature
Top Speed 56 mph 60 mph 80 mph 54.8 mph 56 mph
Average Speed 21.2 mph 48.3 mph 48.4 mph 21.2 mph 21.2 mph
Max. Acceleration 3.3 mph/sec 3.2 mph/sec 8.46 mph/sec 5.1 mph/sec 3.3 mph/sec
Simulated Distance 11 mi. 10.3 mi. 8 mi. 3.6 mi. 11 mi.
Time 31.2 min. 12.75 min. 9.9 min. 9.9 min. 31.2 min.
Stops 23 None 4 5 23
Idling time 18 of time None 7 of time 19 of time 18 of time
Engine Startup Cold Warm Warm Warm Cold
Lab temperature 6886ºF 6886ºF 6886ºF 95ºF 20ºF
Vehicle air conditioning Off Off Off On Off
Figure 16 Fuel economy and emissions tests
characteristics. Source EPA.
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Figure 17 Federal Test Procedure drive cycle.
Source fueleconomy.gov.
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• Consumer Awareness
• Many new technologies may not be entirely
  understood by the consumer
• Increased implementation will make these
  technologies more common place
• Window Sticker Fine Print
• Individual fuel economy will vary greatly
• Driving conditions and habits will cause fuel
  economy to fluctuate

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Manufacturer Implementation

• Implementation of new technologies to meet CAFE
  regulations and EPA standards
• Complex technologies
• Effects of technologies must be completely
  disclosed to consumers

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Consumer Implementation

• New and used vehicles
• Implementation may not involve capital investment
• Fuel savings, cost savings
• May lead to better vehicle operation

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Distribution and Infrastructure

• Distribution of Knowledge
• No physical alterations are needed
• Strategies can be implemented anywhere
• Social networking systems, smart phones will help
  increase awareness of techniques
• Immediate nationwide effects

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• Infrastructure
• Government mandates, increased fuel economy
  standards
• Educational network
• Feedback from new vehicle models
• Required vehicle monitoring systems (i.e. tire
  pressure monitoring systems)

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• Gas Guzzler Tax
• Created in 1978 during the Oil Embargo
• Implemented to discourage consumers and
  manufacturers from buying and producing
  inefficient vehicles
• Applies to light-duty passenger cars only

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Figure 18 Gas guzzler tax based on fuel economy.
Source epa.gov.
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Sustainability

• Strategies and techniques are completely
  sustainable
• Will help sustain other AFVs
• Step toward complete energy independence

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• Todays vehicles are complex machines with more
  than 3,000 interactive parts. Regular
  maintenance of these vehicles can extend vehicle
  life and reduce carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions.

• Source The Auto Alliance.

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• Cost Efficiency
• Small savings will add up to a large change
• If techniques and technologies are adopted
  nationwide, the change will be pivotal
• The Future of Fuel Economy
• CAFE standards and emissions requirements
• Manufacturer production and consumer acceptance
• Various technologies and strategies

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• Upon completing this lesson, can you
• Describe the policies that drive fuel economy
  improvements?
• Explain manufacturer and consumer methods for
  implementing fuel economy improvements?
• Describe how a basic infrastructure of knowledge
  and practices can be distributed?
• Explain how fuel economy improvements relate to
  sustainability and cost efficiency?

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Test Your Knowledge

1. True or False Future fuel economy standards will
   be lower than current standards.
2. What does the acronym CAFE stand for?
3. New window stickers will have a scale for fuel
   economy and GHG emissions ratings as well as
   _________ ratings from other emissions.
4. True or False Implementing consumer fuel economy
   strategies will require sophisticated tools and
   vehicle modifications.

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• Lesson 3
• Fuel Efficient Vehicles
• and Fuel Economy
• Strategies

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• Objectives
• Explain typical differences between fuel
  efficient and conventional vehicles using new
  advanced technology
• Explain consumer strategies for improved fuel
  economy and their effects
• Describe new fuel efficient vehicle performance,
  safety, and maintenance
• Describe some fuel efficient production vehicles

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Differences Between Fuel Efficient Vehicles and
Conventional Vehicles

• Options for consumers
• Ranges of fuel economy/efficiency
• Personal vehicle preference

Figure 19 (left) Bentley Continental Flying
Spur. Source AFDC. Figure 20 (right) The
Chevrolet Volt, 60 MPGe. Source NAFTC.
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• What Affects Vehicle Fuel Economy?
• Engine and vehicle design
• Road load equation

• Mass of the car
• Vehicle acceleration
• Density of the air
• Drag coefficient
• Frontal area of the vehicle
• Velocity
• Rolling resistance
• Gravity
• Road grade

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• Acceleration
• Energy required to propel the car to cruising
  speed
• Multiple acceleration events lower fuel economy
• Mass (Weight)
• Lighter vehicles typically better fuel economy
• New materials used for engine components

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• Cd and Area
• Smaller frontal area typically better fuel
  economy
• Low, sharp frontal area design
• µ (Tire Choice)
• Rolling resistance tires
• Energy wasted from tire deformation
• Underinflated tires

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• Sin? (Road grade)
• Hill terrain vs. flat terrain
• Maintaining required power

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• Technology of New Fuel Efficient
• Vehicles
• Variable valve timing and lift
• Cylinder deactivation
• Turbo chargers and super chargers
• Integrated starter/generator
• Direct fuel injection

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Technology Average Efficiency Increase
Variable Valve Timing Lift improves engine efficiency by optimizing the flow of fuel air into the engine for various engine speeds. 5
Cylinder Deactivation saves fuel by deactivating cylinders when they are not needed. 7.5
Turbochargers Superchargers increase engine power, allowing manufacturers to downsize engines without sacrificing performance or to increase performance without lowering fuel economy. 7.5
Integrated Starter/Generator (ISG) Systems automatically turn the engine on/off when the vehicle is stopped to reduce fuel consumed during idling. 8
Direct Fuel Injection (w/ turbo charging or supercharging) delivers higher performance with lower fuel consumption. 11-13
Figure 21 New engine technologies that improve
fuel economy. Source fueleconomy.gov.
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• Transmission Technology
• Continuously variable transmission (CVT)
• Automated Manual Transmission (AMT)

Technology Average Efficiency Increase
Continuously Variable Transmissions (CVTs) have an infinite number of "gears", providing seamless acceleration and improved fuel economy. 6
Automated Manual Transmissions (AMTs) combine the efficiency of manual transmissions with the convenience of automatics (gears shift automatically). 7
Figure 22 New transmission technologies.
Source fueleconomy.gov.
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• Hybrid Electric Vehicles
• Most fuel efficient production vehicles
• ICEs and electric motors
• Torque assist
• Idle shutoff function
• Switching between power sources

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Fuel Efficient Vehicle Performance, Safety, and
Maintenance

• Early fuel efficient vehicles undersized
  engines and manual transmissions
• Newer fuel efficient vehicles nearly identical
  to conventional vehicles
• Hybrid technologies applied to light- and
  heavy-duty vehicles
• Regular maintenance must also be conducted

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Consumer Strategies

• Can provide immediate fuel economy benefits
• Require little additional cost, time, tools
• May be applied to any vehicle

Figure 23 Alternative fuel technologies.
Source NAFTC.
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• Slow down
• Coasting
• Cruise control
• Tire pressure
• Weight

• Air conditioning
• Rerouting
• Maintenance
• Transmission
• Motor oil

Figure 24 (left) Cruise control button and
controls. Source fueleconomy.gov. Figure 25
(right) Extra weight can decrease vehicle fuel
economy. Source fueleconomy.gov.
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Fuel Efficient Vehicles

• The following table presents some of the most
  fuel efficient light-duty cars and trucks for the
  2012 model year.

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EPA Class Vehicle Description Fuel Economy
EPA Class Vehicle Description Combined
Two-Seaters Honda CR-Z 4 cyl, 1.5 L, Automatic (AV-S7), HEV, Regular 37
Minicompacts Scion iQ 4 cyl, 1.3 L, Automatic (CVT), Regular 37
Subcompacts Mitsubishi i-MiEV A-1, 66 kW DCPM, Electric Vehicle 112
Compacts Chevrolet Volt 4 cyl, 1.4 L, Automatic (AV), Plug-in Hybrid 60
Midsize Nissan Leaf A-1, Electric Vehicle 99
Large Hyundai Sonata 4 cyl, 2.4 L, Manual (6), Regular Hyundai Sonata 4 cyl, 2.4 L, Automatic (6), Regular 28
Small Station Wagons Audi A3 4 cyl, 2.0 L, Automatic (S6), Diesel 34
Small Station Wagons Volkswagen Jetta SportWagen 4 cyl, 2.0 L, Manual (6), Diesel 34
Midsize Station Wagons Toyota Prius v 4 cyl, 1.8 L, Automatic (CVT), HEV, Regular 42
Figure 26 Most fuel efficient passenger cars for
2012 model year. Source EPA.
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EPA Class Vehicle Description Fuel Economy
EPA Class Vehicle Description Combined
Small Pickup Trucks Toyota Tacoma 2WD 4 cyl, 2.7 L, Manual (5), Regular Gasoline 22
Standard Pickup Trucks Chevrolet Silverado 15 Hybrid 2WD 8 cyl, 6.0 L, Automatic (CVT), Regular Gasoline Chevrolet Silverado 15 Hybrid 4WD 8 cyl, 6.0 L, Automatic (CVT), Regular Gasoline 21
Standard Pickup Trucks GMC Sierra 15 Hybrid 2WD 8 cyl, 6.0 L, Automatic (CVT), Regular Gasoline GMC Sierra 15 Hybrid 4WD 8 cyl, 6.0 L, Automatic (CVT), Regular Gasoline 21
Sport Utility Vehicles Ford Escape Hybrid FWD 4 cyl, 2.5 L, Automatic (CVT), Regular Gasoline 32
Minivans Mazda 5 4 cyl, 2.5 L, Automatic (S5), Regular Gasoline Mazda 5 4 cyl, 2.5 L, Manual (6), Regular Gasoline 24
Passenger Vans Chevrolet Express 1500 2WD FFV 8 cyl, 5.3 L, Automatic (4), Regular Gasoline Chevrolet Express 1500 AWD FFV 8 cyl, 5.3 L, Automatic (4), Regular Gasoline 14
Passenger Vans Ford E150 Wagon FFV 8 cyl, 4.6 L, Automatic (4), Regular Gasoline 14
Special Purpose Vehicles Azure Dynamics Transit Connect Electric Van A-1, 52 kWAC, Electric Azure Dynamics Transit Connect Electric Wagon A-1, 52 kWAC, Electric 62
Figure 26 Most fuel efficient trucks and SUVs
for 2012 model year. Source EPA.
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• Heavy-duty Trucks (Tractor Trailers)
• Fuel economy around 6 MPG
• Integrating light-duty technologies into
  heavy-duty trucks
• Fuel consumption may be reduced by up to 50
• Heavy-duty hybrid electric vehicles

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• Upon completing this lesson, can you
• Explain the typical differences between fuel
  efficient and conventional vehicles including new
  advanced technology?
• Explain consumer strategies for improved fuel
  economy and their effects?
• Describe new fuel efficient vehicle performance,
  safety, and maintenance?
• Describe some fuel efficient production vehicles?

83
Test Your Knowledge

1. True or False Carrying extra weight/cargo can
   improve overall fuel economy.
2. __________ charging or ____________ charging
   technologies have allowed vehicle manufacturers
   to utilize smaller, lighter engines.
3. Under inflated tires can reduce fuel economy by
   up to ________.
4. True or False There are now options for more
   fuel efficient cars, light-duty trucks, and even
   heavy-duty trucks.