Time 23 July 2001

1
A Walk Through Hominid Evolution
Time 23 July 2001
2
Orrorin
Plio-Pleistocene hominid Australopithecus
Understanding Physical Anthropology and
Archaeology, 9th ed., p. 103
3
Mio-Plio-Pleistocene hominid
Plio-Pleistocene hominid Australopithecus
Understanding Physical Anthropology and
Archaeology, 9th ed., p. 103
4
Time 23 July 2001
5
Time 23 July 2001
6
www.d.umn.edu/cla/faculty/troufs/anth1602/pcaustr.
htmltop
7
Early Hominids
Genus Species

• tugenensis
• ramidus
• anamensis
• afarensis
• africanus
• garhi
• aethiopicus
• boisei
• robustus

• Orrorin
• Ardipithecus
• Australopithecus
• Paranthropus

8
http//www.sciam.com/article.cfm?chanIDsa003arti
cleID0008EB7D-BC26-1138-BC2683414B7F0000
9
Week 07
Video Search for the First Human
10
http//exn.ca/hominids/wherethebonesare.cfm
11
Time 23 July 2001, p. 57.
12
Search for the First Human -- A Secrets of the
Dead Special
Time 23 July 2001
13
Early Hominids
Genus Species

• tugenensis
• ramidus
• anamensis
• afarensis
• africanus
• garhi
• aethiopicus
• boisei
• robustus

• Orrorin
• Ardipithecus
• Australopithecus
• Paranthropus

14
Time 23 July 2001, p. 57.
15
Taung Child
Lucy
Understanding Physical Anthropology and
Archaeology, 9th ed., p. 215
16
Taung Child
Lucy
Understanding Physical Anthropology and
Archaeology, 8th ed., p. 248
17
Ardipithecus ramidus kadabba, 5.8 mya 23 July 2001
18
Ardipithecus ramidus kadabba, 5.8 mya Time, 23
July 2001
19
Understanding Physical Anthropology and
Archaeology, 8th ed., p. 246
20
Understanding Physical Anthropology and
Archaeology, 9th ed., p. 220
21
Time 23 July 2001
22
Time 23 July 2001
23
(No Transcript)
24
Cranial Capacity
Understanding Physical Anthropology and
Archaeology, 9th ed., p. 207
25
Australopithecines
Australopithecus ramidus

• Ardipithecus ramidus

26
Early Hominids
Genus Species

• tugenensis
• ramidus
• anamensis
• afarensis
• africanus
• garhi
• aethiopicus
• boisei
• robustus

• Orrorin
• Ardipithecus
• Australopithecus
• Paranthropus

27
Australopithecines
28
Time 23 July 2001, p. 57.
29
Time 23 July 2001
30
(No Transcript)
31
Cranial Capacity
Understanding Physical Anthropology and
Archaeology, 9th ed., p. 207
32
Taung Child
Lucy
Understanding Physical Anthropology and
Archaeology, 9th ed., p. 215
33
Understanding Physical Anthropology and
Archaeology, 8th ed., p. 248
34
Early Hominids
Genus Species

• tugenensis
• ramidus
• anamensis
• afarensis
• africanus
• garhi
• aethiopicus
• boisei
• robustus

• Orrorin
• Ardipithecus
• Australopithecus
• Paranthropus

35
Time 23 July 2001, p. 57.
36
Time 23 July 2001
37
Selected Major Discoveries / Events, ca. 1850 -
Present
1975 - 1976

• "Lucy" and "The First Family"
• Hadar, Ethiopia(Site 333 on the Awash River)
• Australopithecus afarensis
• 4 - 3 mya

p. 206
38
http//news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/5363328.
stm
39
http//news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2006/09/06
0920-lucys-baby.html
40
Hadar, Ethiopia
Understanding Physical Anthropology and
Archaeology, 8th ed., p. 229
41
Understanding Physical Anthropology and
Archaeology, 8th ed., p. 251
42
Understanding Physical Anthropology and
Archaeology, 8th ed., p. 246
43
Understanding Physical Anthropology and
Archaeology, 9th ed., p. 220
44
Lucy
Understanding Physical Anthropology and
Archaeology, 9th ed., p. 215
45
Selected Major Discoveries / Events, ca. 1850 -
Present
1976

• Footprints
• Laetoli, Tanzania
• 3.7 mya

46
Laetoli, Tanzania
Understanding Physical Anthropology and
Archaeology, 8th ed., p. 229
47
Mary Leakey
p. 232
48
(No Transcript)
49
Understanding Physical Anthropology and
Archaeology, 8th ed., p. 246
50
Understanding Physical Anthropology and
Archaeology, 9th ed., p. 220
51
Cranial Capacity
Understanding Physical Anthropology and
Archaeology, 9th ed., p. 207
52
Early Hominids
Genus Species

• tugenensis
• ramidus
• anamensis
• afarensis
• africanus
• garhi
• aethiopicus
• boisei
• robustus

• Orrorin
• Ardipithecus
• Australopithecus
• Paranthropus

53
Time 23 July 2001
54
(No Transcript)
55
(No Transcript)
56
Understanding Physical Anthropology and
Archaeology, 8th ed., p. 251
57
Transvaal
Humankind Emerging, 7th edition, p. 199
58
Selected Major Discoveries / Events, ca. 1850 -
Present
1924

• Taung Child
• Taung, South Africa
• Australopithecus africanus
• Raymond Dart
• 3.0 - 2.0 mya

59
Taung
Humankind Emerging, 7th edition, p. 199
60
(No Transcript)
61
(No Transcript)
62
(No Transcript)
63
Humankind Emerging, 7th edition, p. 240
64
(No Transcript)
65
(No Transcript)
66
(No Transcript)
67
(No Transcript)
68
Understanding Physical Anthropology and
Archaeology, 8th ed., p. 246
69
Understanding Physical Anthropology and
Archaeology, 9th ed., p. 220
70
Taung Child
Understanding Physical Anthropology and
Archaeology, 9th ed., p. 215
71
Selected Major Discoveries / Events, ca. 1850 -
Present
1924

• Taung Child problems
• was found by miners
• was a child ( 3 - 4 yrs. old? Or 6? )
• what did the adults look like ?
• was a one of a kind find
• what was it representative of?

72
Methods

• We can learn a lot
• from the
• Hensel Twins
• and others

73
(No Transcript)
74
(No Transcript)
75
(No Transcript)
76
(No Transcript)
77
(No Transcript)
78
(No Transcript)
79
(No Transcript)
80
http//newswww.bbc.net.uk/1/hi/health/4260178.stm
81
http//www.bbc.co.uk/science/horizon/2000/conjoine
d_twins.shtml
82

• a few hundred pairs of conjoined twins are born
  each year
• conjoined twins survive in about
• 1 / 50,000 60,000 births
• they appear about once in every 100,000 births,
  but more than half of them are stillborn
• and one in three live for only a few days

83
(No Transcript)
84
Jani Farrell Roberts author of "Glitter and
Greed The Secret World of the Diamond CartelThe
Seven Days of My Creation Tales of Magic, Sex
and Gender
85
http//www.isna.org/faq/frequency
86
http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersexual
87
Methods

• and Balaji,
• The
• Reincarnation of Hindu God

88
Baby with tail believed to be the reincarnation
of Hindu god11 January 2000
89
The 11-month-old boy has been named Balaji or
Bajrangbali, another name for monkey-faced Lord
Hanuman. He is reported to have a 4 in. tail
caused by genetic mutations during the
development of the foetus. . . . There have
been other cases of babies born with tails. A
report appeared in The New England Journal of
Medicine in 1982 by Dr Fred Ledley. His paper
entitled Evolution and the Human Tail
concerned a baby born with a 2 in growth on its
back. 11 January 2002
90
www.physorg.com/news113814979.html
91
Selected Major Discoveries / Events, Ca. 1850 -
Present
1936

• Australopithecus africanus
• Sterkfontein, South Africa(in the Transvaal
  Region)
• 3 - 2 mya

92
Sterkfonetein
Humankind Emerging, 7th edition, p. 199
93
Understanding Physical Anthropology and
Archaeology, 8th ed., p. 246
94
Understanding Physical Anthropology and
Archaeology, 9th ed., p. 220
95
(No Transcript)
96
3.5 mya Australopithecus suggesting our
ancestors were less chimp-like than we thought
97
Early Hominids
Genus Species

• tugenensis
• ramidus
• anamensis
• afarensis
• africanus
• garhi
• aethiopicus
• boisei
• robustus

• Orrorin
• Ardipithecus
• Australopithecus
• Paranthropus

98
Australopithecus garhi, 2.5 mya 3 May 1999
99
Time 23 July 2001
100
(No Transcript)
101
Taung Child
Lucy
Understanding Physical Anthropology and
Archaeology, 9th ed., p. 215
102
Understanding Physical Anthropology and
Archaeology, 8th ed., p. 248
103
Early Hominids
Genus Species

• tugenensis
• ramidus
• anamensis
• afarensis
• africanus
• garhi
• aethiopicus
• boisei
• robustus

• Orrorin
• Ardipithecus
• Australopithecus
• Paranthropus

104
Time 23 July 2001
105
saggital crest
disharmonic face
106
Selected Major Discoveries / Events, ca. 1850 -
Present
1985

• "The Black Skull"
• Australopithecus aethiopicus(KNM WT - 17000)
• Lake Turkana, East Africa
• 2.5 mya

107
The Black Skull WT 17000 Australopithecus aethi
opicus
Turnbaugh, Jurmain, Kilgore, and Nelson, 8th ed.,
p. 237
108
www.archaeologyinfo.com/australopithecusaethiopicu
s.htm
109
Lake Turkana, East Africa
Understanding Physical Anthropology and
Archaeology, 8th ed., p. 229
110
Understanding Physical Anthropology and
Archaeology, 8th ed., p. 246
111
Taung Child
Lucy
Understanding Physical Anthropology and
Archaeology, 9th ed., p. 215
112
Early Hominids
Genus Species

• tugenensis
• ramidus
• anamensis
• afarensis
• africanus
• garhi
• aethiopicus
• boisei
• robustus

• Orrorin
• Ardipithecus
• Australopithecus
• Paranthropus

113
Time 23 July 2001
114
(No Transcript)
115
(No Transcript)
116
Understanding Physical Anthropology and
Archaeology, 8th ed., p. 251
117
Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania
Understanding Physical Anthropology and
Archaeology, 8th ed., p. 229
118
Olduvai Gorge -- Bhavini Charadva.
119
The main gorge at Olduvai.
Understanding Physical Anthropology and
Archaeology, 9th ed., p. 186
120
Understanding Physical Anthropology and
Archaeology, 8th ed., p. 246
121
Understanding Physical Anthropology and
Archaeology, 9th ed., p. 220
122
Taung Child
Lucy
Understanding Physical Anthropology and
Archaeology, 9th ed., p. 215
123
Understanding Physical Anthropology and
Archaeology, 8th ed., p. 248
124
Selected Major Discoveries / Events, ca. 1850 -
Present
e.g., 1959

• Zinj
• Zinjanthropus
• aka Australopithecus boisei
• Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania
• 1.79 /- 0.03 mya (/- 200,000 years)

125
Zinjanthropus skull, discovered by Mary Leakey in
1959.
Understanding Physical Anthropology and
Archaeology, 9th ed., p. 187
126
Early Hominids
Genus Species

• tugenensis
• ramidus
• anamensis
• afarensis
• africanus
• garhi
• aethiopicus
• boisei
• robustus

• Orrorin
• Ardipithecus
• Australopithecus
• Paranthropus

127
Time 23 July 2001
128
(No Transcript)
129
Understanding Physical Anthropology and
Archaeology, 8th ed., p. 251
130
(No Transcript)
131
(No Transcript)
132
(No Transcript)
133
(No Transcript)
134
(No Transcript)
135
(No Transcript)
136
(No Transcript)
137
(No Transcript)
138
(No Transcript)
139
(No Transcript)
140
Selected Major Discoveries / Events, ca. 1850 -
Present
1938

• Australopithecus robustus
• aka Paranthropus robustus
• Kromdraai, South Africa (Transvaal)
• 3 - 2 mya

141
Kromdraai
Humankind Emerging, 7th edition, p. 199
142
(No Transcript)
143
Cranial Capacity
Understanding Physical Anthropology and
Archaeology, 9th ed., p. 207
144
Taung Child
Lucy
Understanding Physical Anthropology and
Archaeology, 9th ed., p. 215
145
Understanding Physical Anthropology and
Archaeology, 8th ed., p. 248
146
Australopithecines
Paranthropus robustus

• Australopithecus robustus

147
Early Hominids II
Genus Species

• Orrorin
• Ardipithecus
• Australopithecus
• Paranthropus
• Homo

• tugenensis
• ramidus
• anamensis
• afarensis
• africanus
• garhi
• aethiopicus
• boisei
• robustus
• rudolfensis ( early )
• habilis ( early )
• erectus
• sapiens

148
Time 23 July 2001
149
Homo rudolfensis Early Human
150
Understanding Physical Anthropology and
Archaeology, 8th ed., p. 251
151
Selected Major Discoveries / Events, ca. 1850 -
Present
e.g., 1972

• Homo rudolfensisfka Advanced Australopithecusa
  ndHomo habilis
• Lake Turkana, East Africa
• 1470 (and 1590)
• 2.0 mya

152
East Lake Turkana (ER 1470)
Understanding Physical Anthropology and
Archaeology, 9th ed., p. 209
153
Early Hominids II
Genus Species

• Orrorin
• Ardipithecus
• Australopithecus
• Paranthropus
• Homo

• tugenensis
• ramidus
• anamensis
• afarensis
• africanus
• garhi
• aethiopicus
• boisei
• robustus
• rudolfensis ( early )
• habilis ( early )
• erectus
• sapiens

154
Time 23 July 2001
155
Homo habilis Early Human
156
Selected Major Discoveries / Events, ca. 1850 -
Present
e.g., 1961

• Homo habilisfka Advanced Australopithecus
• Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania
• 700 cc brain
• tool manufacture
• 1.85 - 1.6 mya

157
Lake Turkana, East Africa
Understanding Physical Anthropology and
Archaeology, 8th ed., p. 229
158
Cranial Capacity
Understanding Physical Anthropology and
Archaeology, 9th ed., p. 207
159
Taung Child
Lucy
Understanding Physical Anthropology and
Archaeology, 9th ed., p. 215
160
Australopithecines
Advanced Australopithecus

• Homo habilis

161
Early Hominids
Genus Species

• tugenensis
• ramidus
• anamensis
• afarensis
• africanus
• garhi
• aethiopicus
• boisei
• robustus

• Orrorin
• Ardipithecus
• Australopithecus
• Paranthropus

162
Early Hominids
Genus Species

• tugenensis
• ramidus
• anamensis
• afarensis
• africanus
• garhi
• aethiopicus
• boisei
• robustus

• Orrorin
• Ardipithecus
• Australopithecus
• Paranthropus

163
Early Hominids II
Genus Species

• Orrorin
• Ardipithecus
• Australopithecus
• Paranthropus
• Homo

• tugenensis
• ramidus
• anamensis
• afarensis
• africanus
• garhi
• aethiopicus
• boisei
• robustus
• rudolfensis ( early )
• habilis ( early )
• erectus
• sapiens

164
Early Hominids II
Genus Species

• Orrorin
• Ardipithecus
• Australopithecus
• Paranthropus
• Homo

• tugenensis
• ramidus
• anamensis
• afarensis
• africanus
• garhi
• aethiopicus
• boisei
• robustus
• rudolfensis ( early )
• habilis ( early )
• erectus
• sapiens

165
Time 23 July 2001
166
Early Hominids II
Genus Species

• Orrorin
• Ardipithecus
• Australopithecus
• Paranthropus
• Homo

• tugenensis
• ramidus
• anamensis
• afarensis
• africanus
• garhi
• aethiopicus
• boisei
• robustus
• rudolfensis ( early )
• habilis ( early )
• erectus
• sapiens

167
Time 23 July 2001
168
(No Transcript)
169
Selected Major Discoveries / Events, ca. 1850 -
Present
1987

• "Mitochondrial Eve
• Rebecca Cann
• Berkeley, CA
• 200,000 - 150,000 b.p.