Biofuels%20in%20Brazil

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Biofuels in Brazil
Prof. Donato Aranda Federal Univ. Rio de Janeiro
vant Hoff Institute for Molecular
Sciences Amsterdam, 2007
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Energy Mix
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Ethanol Program in Brazil

• 1925 First experiments with ethanol/gasoline
  blends
• 1975 Ethanol program started after the 1st oil
  crisis
• 1989 Leaded Gasoline forbiden.
• 1993 E-20 to E-25 mandatory in all the country
  (33,000 gas stations)
• 2003 Flex Fuel engines
• 2006 80 of new vehicles are Flex (2.5
  million/year)
• 615 million ton of CO2 avoided emissions, so far

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Sugar Cane Output/Input Energy 8.2
Ethanol production in 2006 16 billion liters
Goldenberg, J.L.C Renewable Energies, Island
Press, 1993
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Ethanol Plants
313 Ethanol Plants 1 million employees 60,000
agric. producers 5 million ha (0.6 of Br.
area) 89 New plants are being contructed
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Physical Productivity
Source Brazilian Agricultural Ministry
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Ethanol Energetic Balance
Wheat
Corn
Sugar Beet
Sugar Cane (Brazil)
Output/Input Energy
Source F.O.Licht (in New trends to the ethanol
supply chain in Brazil, Simoes, R.B., Master
Thesis, Universiteit Van Tilburg, Holanda,
Jul-2006)
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Sugar Cane Energy

• 1 mton of Sugar Cane
• 1.7 103 kcal 1.2 barrel of petroleum
• Sugar cane bagasse is producing 2,500 MW
• Breakthrough ethanol from bagasse and other
  residual biomass

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Sugar Cane Energy
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Basic Biomass Composition

• Cellulose (40-60)
• Hemicellulose (20-40)
• Lignin (10-25)

Hemicellulose convertion to ethanol Brazilian
Patent Petrobras/UFRJ no PI0505299-8 (11/2005)
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Lignin
Coniferilic Alcohol
Cumaric Alcohol
Sinapilic Alcohol
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Flash Pyrolysis
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PYROLYSIS OIL
30 Oxygen pH 2
Collaboration with Brem, C. and Brammer, J.G,
Twente University
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Ethanol/Biodiesel Integration
Barralcool (Mato Grosso State) Produces 100,000
mt/year of Ethanol 50,000 mt/year of Biodiesel
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Biodiesel Program

• B2 mandatory at Jan/2008 (850,000 ton/year)
• B5 mandatory at Jan/2010 (2013, originaly)
• Now
• 10 biodiesel plants working (500,000 ton/year)
• 4,000 gas stations providing B2
• Some transportation companies using B30 (More
  than 2,000 buses)
• Projects More than 100 new biodiesel plants
• LOW FEDERAL TAXES FOR SOCIAL PROJECTS AND POOR
  REGIONS

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(No Transcript)
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Palm
Babassu
Castor
Sunflower
Soybean, Tallow, Cotton
Jatropha
Canola
Peanut
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Soybean Biodiesel (Output/input energy 3)
NREL (USA) http//www.nrel.gov/docs/legosti/fy98
/24089.pdf
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Jatropha curcas Biodiesel
Output/Input Energy 5- 6
Ref Ouedraogo, 1991
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Palm Oil Biodiesel
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Output/Input Energy 8
Ref Lor, E.E.S. et al, World Bioenergy
http//www.svebio.se/attachments/33/295.pdf
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Palm

• Production Costs US 240/ton of oil
• 5,000 8,000 Liters/ha

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1st Biodiesel Plant Heterogeneous
Catalyst/Residual Feedstock (Crude Palm Fatty
Acids)
Patent D. A. G. Aranda et al PI0301103-8, 2003.
D. A. G. Aranda et al, WO2004096962, 2004.
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AGROPALMA BIODIESEL FROM RESIDUES
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Esterification Catalysts

• Heterogeneous Catalyst
• Reusable
• Zero Soap
• Easy to remove
• No neutralization
• step

Nobic Acid (CBMM)
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HOMOmethanol
E -0,264 eV
LUMOprotonated acid
E -0,230 eV
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HOMO and LUMO from Alcohols and Glycerides
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Hydrolysis
H2O Lypases
Hydrolysis Industrial Process 99 conversion 3
plants in Brazil (Non-catalytic process)
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Hydroesterification
Industrial Hydrolysis
Esterification of Fatty Acids (AGROPALMA)

Why dont integrate these process ???
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Hydroesterification
(No acidity restriction in feedstock)
FA
H2O
FA
FA
3
3
G
G
FA
Triglyceride
Fatty Acid
Water
Glycerol
H2O

FA
A
FA
A
Fatty Acid Alcohol
Biodiesel Water
Much better with Catalytic Distillation !!
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Custos Operacionais Hidroesterificação vs
Transesterificação (50,000 mton/year)
Transesterification Hydrolysis Esterification
Chemicals (/L) 4 1
Energy (/L) 1 2
Oper.Costs (/L) 5 3
If biodiesel plant is integrated with an ethanol
plant, operating costs will be less than 2 /L.
No acidity limits in the feedstocks
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My team

• Postdocs Luciana Camacho and Ricardo Valdez
• Ph D students Neyda Om, Yordanka Reyes, Gisel
  Chenard, Immacolata Manco, Rosana Amorim, Marcia
  Castoldi, Marcelo Tondello, Rafael Monteiro,
  Elisa Cruz, Anderson Kurunczi
• M Sc students Ana Encarnação, Rafael João,
  Jussara Gonçalves, Layla Rocha, Luana Rocha,
  Leonardi Almeida, Carla Pereira, Margarida
  Castello, Marlon Almeida

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Thank you !
www.greentec-ufrj.com
God causes all things to work together for good
to those who love Him ( Rm 8,28)
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Biodiesel plant 100,000 t/year, oil costs US
250/t and Biodiesel sold at US 0.60/L (No
incentive scenario)
b) Hydroesterification
Gross Margin 30.8
c) Hydroesterification integrated with Ethanol
plant
a) Regular Transesterification
Gross Margin 33.3
Gross Margin 24.1