Chapter 29 Plant Nutrition and Soil

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Chapter 29 Plant Nutrition and Soil

• Sun, Water, Nutrients necessary
• CO2 and H20 into organic compounds
• Synthesize all required amino acids, vitamins,
  using inorganic nutrients from environment.
• Evolution designed for efficient
• uptake of raw material and
• distribution

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Plant Nutrition and soil

• Essential Elements
• Functions of Essential Elements
• The soil
• Nutrient cycles
• Nitrogen and Nitrogen cycle
• The Phosphorus Cycle

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Nitrogen cycle
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Plant Nutrition and Soils

• Plant Nutrition- involves the uptake from the
  envrionment of all the raw material required for
• Essential biochemical processes (metabolism and
  growth)
• Distribution within the plant
• More than 60 chemical elements identified
• Not all essential (gold, silver, lead, mercury,
  arsenic, uranium)
• Phytoremediation- the removal of contaminants

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The fungus Boletus parasiticus Forms
Ectomycorrhizae on the Roots of a red pine
(Pinus resinosa) Increase uptake of water and
Phophorus Also Protects against pathogenic
Fungi and nematodes
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Essential Elements

• Criteria
• Needed for life cycle
• and/or
• Essential for parts
• i.e. Mg in chlorophyll
• Nitrogen in protein
• 17 essential

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Essential elements

• Necessary for plant growth
• In the absence plant displayed characteristic
  abnormalities of growth, or deficiency symptoms,
  reproduction
• In 1880 established that at least 10 essential
• Essential elements/minerals (inorganic
  nutrients)- Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, potassium,
  calcium, magnesium, nitrogen , phosphorus, sulfur
  and iron
• By the 1950s added seven more, manganese, zinc,
  copper, chlorine, boron, molybdenum, and nickel

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The essential elements can be divided into
Micronutrients and Macronutrients

• Micronutrients- trace elements equal or less than
  100 mg/kg
• Macronutrients require large amounts above 100
  mg/kg
• Nutrient sometimes greater in conc. Than soil
  thus have to use energy
• Certain plant species are chars. By specific
  elements

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Plants of the mustard family i.e. Wintercress use
sulfur Synth. Mustard oil
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Horsetail silicon into cell walls Making it
indigestible for herbivores
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Functions of Essential Elements

• Essential elements Functions and Defieciency
  symptoms Table 29-2

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Nutrient Deficiency symptoms Depend on functions
and mobility of essential elements

• Chlorosis Fig. 29-3- loss or reduced development
  of chlorophyll
• Magnesium, essential for chlorophyll
• Younger leaves vs. older leaves
• Depends on phloem
• Phosphorus, potassium and nitrogen are also
  phloem-mobile (appear in older first)
• Iron and calcium are phloem immobile (appear in
  younger first)
• Sulfur and zinc intermediate in mobility

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Deficiency of magnesisum a phloem mobile element
in Maise- older leaves more affected than
younger
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Sorghum - Deficiency of iron a so called phloem
immobile element results in symptoms of chlorosis
in younger leaves
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The soil
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• Primary nutrient medium for plants
• Root systems (fibrous anchor)
• Weathering of rock produce the inorganic nutrients

Fibrous roots that bind and anchor prairie soil
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Three major soil types

• Coniferous- acidic little accumulation of humus
  is leached of minerals
• Cool temperate deciduous decay is more rapid,
  leaching less, soil more fertile
• Grasslands, almost all plant dies each year
  organic material returned to soil- highly fertile
  soil, often black in color

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Soil consist of layers called Horizons
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Living organisms of the A horizon
Microbes, small mammals, earthworms Ants
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