Der%20vernetzte%20Mensch.%20Ethische%20Aspekte%20von%20ICT-%20Implantaten%20im%20menschlichen%20K

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Der vernetzte Mensch.Ethische Aspekte von ICT-
Implantaten im menschlichen Körper

• Rafael Capurro
• Hochschule der Medien (Stuttgart)
• www.capurro.de
• European Group on Ethics in Science and New
  Technologies (EGE) de la Comisión Europea EGE
  Opinion, March 16, 2005
• http//europa.eu.int/comm/european_group_ethics/in
  dex_en.htm

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Übersicht

• The European Group on Ethics in Science and New
  Technologies (EGE)
• ICT-Implantate
• Ethische Aspekte

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The European Group on Ethics (EGE)

• The EGE is an independent, pluralist and
  multitisciplinary body which advises the European
  Commission on ethical aspects of science and new
  technologies in connection with the preparation
  and implementation of Community legislation or
  policies.

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EGE Members (2001-2005)

1. Prof. Göran HERMERÉN (Sweden), President,
   Philosopher, Professor of Medical Ethics, Faculty
   of Medicine, Lund University. 
2. Prof. Linda NIELSEN (Denmark), Vice-President,
   Professor of Law, Rector of the University of
   Copenhagen.  Prof. Nicos C. ALIVIZATOS (Greece),
   Professor of Constitutional Law, University of
   Athens.  Prof. Rafael CAPURRO (Germany),
   Professor of Information Management and
   Information Ethics at University of Applied
   Sciences.  Prof. Inez DE BEAUFORT (The
   Netherlands), Professor of Health Care Ethics at
   the Medical Faculty of the Erasmus University,
   Rotterdam.  Prof. Yvon ENGLERT (Belgium), Head
   of Fertility Clinic, Free University of Brussels
   (ULB), Professor of Medical Ethics and
   Deontology, ULB.  Prof. Catherine LABRUSSE-RIOU
   (France), Centre de recherche en droit privé,
   Université de Paris.  Dr. Anne McLAREN (United
   Kingdom), Geneticist, Research Associate at
   Wellcome CRC Institute, Cambridge.  Prof. Pere
   PUIGDOMÈNECH ROSELL (Spain), Research Professor
   at the Department for Molecular Genetics,
   Director of Institut de Biologia Molecular de
   Barcelona, CSIC  Prof. Stefano RODOTA (Italy),
   Professor of Civil Law, University of Rome,
   Chairman of the Italian Data Protection
   Authority, Chairman of the European Group of the
   Data Protection Authorities.  Prof. Günter VIRT
   (Austria), Professor of Theology, Institute of
   Catholic Moral Theology, University of Vienna. 
   Prof. Peter WHITTAKER (Ireland), Biologist,
   Professor of Biology, Institute of Environment,
   Philosophy and Public Policy, University of
   Lancaster, Furness College. 

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EGE Secretariat

• Dr. Michael D. Rogers, European Commission, BERL
  10/345,  rue de la Loi 200, B-1049 Brussels,
  Belgium.
• EGE-Website europa.eu.int/comm/european_group_eth
  ics 
• EGE-Newsletter "Ethically Speaking" providing
  also information on the activities of the
  National Ethics Committees.

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Opinions 2001-2005

• Opinion n. 16 (2002)Ethical aspects of patenting
  inventions involving human stem cells
• Opinion n. 17 (2003)Ethical aspects of clinical
  research in developing countries
• Opinion n. 18 (2003)Ethical aspects of genetic
  testing in the workplace
• Opinion n. 19 (2004)Ethical aspects of cord
  blood stem cells banks
• Opinion n. 20 (2005)Ethical Aspects of ICT
  implants in the human body

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ICT-Implantate

• Implantable devices can be categorised as
• medical
• non-medical
• Both as
• passive
• active
• Reversible or non reversible
• Stand-alone or online
• ICT implants and tags

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Implantate für medizinische Zwecke

• Most passive implants are structural devices such
  as
• artificial joints
• vascular implants
• artificial valves
• Active medical implantable devices Directive
  90/385/EEC

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Aktive medizinische ICT- Implantate

• Cardiovascular pacers for patients with
  conduction disorders or heart failure
• Cochlear and brainstem implants for patients with
  hearing disorders
• Deep brain stimulation
• for tremor control in patients with Parkinson's
  disease
• for essential tremor
• for obsessive-compulsive disorders
• Implantable Neurostimulation Devices
• Spinal cord stimulation for chronic pain
  management
• Sacral nerve stimulation for control of urinary
  incontinence
• Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) for seizure control
  in epilepsy and mood control in severe depression
  cases
• Implantable programmable drug delivery pumps
• Intrathecal administration of Baclofen for
  patients with Multiple Sclerosis with severe
  spasticity
• Insulin pump for Diabetes

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Künftige medizinische Anwendungen

• Artificial vision
• Cortical implant for the blind bypassing the
  non-working retina or optic nerve
• BioMEMS Micro Electro-Mechanical Systems /
  Biosensors on the order of size of a human red
  blood cell
• collect data about the physiological parameters,
  communicate with an external diagnostic computer
  system (drug release, blood analysis, recovering
  cancer patients)
• Direct Brain Control BCI (Brain Computer
  Interfaces) BrainGate www.cyberkineticsinc.com
• Memory BrainChip (artificial hippocambus) an
  implantable brain chip could restore or enhance
  memory

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The Dobelle Institute (Portugal)

• www.artificialvision.com

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Weitere medizinische Anwendungen

• The German company Otto Bock Healthcare produces
  prostheses like the C-Leg which is a
  chip-controlled leg. See http//www.ottobock.de/d
  e

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Nicht-medizinische Anwendungen

• Passive devices An example of a passive device
  is the radio frequency identification (RFID)
  device.
• Active devices use electrical impulses to
  interact with the humans nervous system.

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Baja Beach Club

• http//www.bajabeach.es/
• Somos la primera discoteca del mundo en ofrecer
  el VIP VeriChip. Mediante un chip digital
  integrado, nuestros VIPs pueden identificarse
  como tal, así como pagar sus consumiciones sin la
  necesidad de aportar ningún tipo de documento.

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Baja Beach Club

• El objetivo de esta tecnología es llevar un
  sistema de identificación a nivel mundial que
  anule la necesidad de llevar documento de
  identidad y tarjeta de crédito. El Verichip que
  implantaremos en el Baja, no será sólo para el
  Baja, también es útil para cualquier otra empresa
  que haga uso de esta tecnología.

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Baja Beach Club
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Human bar coding

• The VeriChip
• What?
• RFIDRadio Frequency Identification Device
• Passive ID tag
• Contains an unique ID number
• How does it work?
• Energized by a scanner (RF)
• Emits a radio signal
• Transmits ID number to a Database via phone or
  Internet
• Current applications (FDA approval in 2004)
• Medical records (blood type, potencial allergies,
  medical history)
• Personal information
• Financial information

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The VeriChip

• VeriChip is a subdermal, radio frequency
  identification (RFID) device, about the size of a
  grain of rice. This technology, developed by
  Applied Digital Solutions (ADS), one US-based
  company, has been used in animals for years and
  seems fairly harmless.
• Extending the use to the human population is the
  next step.
• The idea for employing the tags to identify
  humans came after the horror of the Sept. 11,
  2001, attacks on the World Trade Centre and the
  Pentagon.
• The chip is an ID tag which is passive (not
  independently powered). When radio-frequency
  energy passes from a scanner, it energizes the
  chip, and which then emits a radio-frequency
  signal transmitting the chip's information to the
  reader, which in turn links with a database.

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Weitere nicht-medizinische Anwendungen

• Experiments as reported by Kevin Warwick
  (Department of Cybernetics,University of Reading,
  UK)
• In Mexico (August 2004) microchips were implanted
  in the arms of the Fiscal General and 160
  Fiscals employees to control their access to a
  confidential documentation centre and possibly
  track them in case of kidnapping.

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Weitere nicht-medizinische Anwendungen

• The UK Prime Minister announced (August 2004) a
  programme whereby the five thousand dangerous UK
  criminals would be tagged with electronic
  devices and thereby tracked continuously.

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Weitere nicht-medizinische Anwendungen

• In the Japanese prefecture of Wakayama (Osaka)
  children will use RFID-labels for entering school
  (2004).
• TraceCare (Wiesbaden, Germany) offers devices
  that allow to find the position of a person via
  internet through a Global Positioning System
  (GPS).

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Weitere nicht-medizinische Anwendungen

• The Bavarian company Ident Technology offers
  tracking devices using the human body
  (particularly the skin) as digital data
  transmitter. See http//www.ident-technology.com
  

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Weitere nicht-medizinische Anwendungen

• Microsoft patent Number 6,754,472 June 22, 2004
  concerns the human body as a medium for
  transmission of data (or energy) to other
  devices like PDAs, cellular phones, medical
  devices, RFID, making possible to localize
  persons. The patent does not describe any
  specific device.

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Digital angel

• Integration and miniaturization of three
  technologies www.digitalangel.com
• Biosensor read a persons vital signs by
  touching the skin (implanted into a wristwatch)
• Pager device takes the data from the biosensor
  by using a cellular packet module
• Position location technology using radio signal
  to stay in contact with a persons pager device
• -gt this information is sent through cellular data
  packets to a data centre (Digital Angel)
• -gt The first Digital Angel was launched in
  November 2001
• -gt Medical emergency purposes
• -gt Identification/Location purposes

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Rechtlicher Hintergrund Menschenwürde

• Universal Declaration of Human Rights
• EU Charter of Fundamental Rights of 2000
• Convention on Human Rigts and Biomedicine of the
  Council of Europe
• EU Directives
• European Constitution, National Constitutions
• -gt providing that the human body and its parts
  shall not give rise to financial gain (Principle
  of human dignity)

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Ethische Aspekte

• Anthropologischer Hintergrund
• Die Einheit von biologischen und psychischen
  Funktionen
• Körper/Leib und Umwelt
• Soziale Aspekte
• Kulturelle Aspekte

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Ethische Aspekte

• Grundlegende ethische Prinzipien
• Menschenwürde
• Privatheit
• Autonomie
• Vertraulichkeit
• Ethische Konflikte Freiheit vs. Sicherheit
  Gesundheit vs. Überwachung

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Ethische Aspekte

• Bei medizinischen Anwendungen
• Verbot von eugenischen Praktiken
• Einwilligung des Patienten (informed consent)
• Kein Profit mit dem menschlichen Körper oder mit
  Teilen des menschlichen Körpers

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Ethische Aspekte

• Bei nicht-medizinischen Anwendungen
• Strikte (rechtliche) Einschränkung
• Praktiken des Ausschlusses
• Praktiken der Beherrschung
• Praktiken der Überwachung
• -gt Wie weit führen ICT-Implantaten zu einer
  Überwachungsgesellschaft bzw. wie weit erweitern
  sie menschliche Freiheit?

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Ethische Aspekte

• Läßt sich die menschliche Natur verbessern?
• Was bedeutet verbessern?
• Was bedeutet Perfektibilität?
• Führen ICT-Implantate zu neuen Formen von
  Rassismus? Die post-human Debatte.
• Wo liegt die Grenze zwischen therapeutischen und
  nicht-therapeutischen Anwendungen?

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Weiterführende Literatur

• EGE Opinion No. 20Ethical Aspects on ICT
  Implants in the Human Body, March 16, 2005
• http//europa.eu.int/comm/european_group_ethics/in
  dex_en.htm
• EGE Roundtable Debate on Ethical Aspects of ICT
  Implants in the Human Body, December 21, 2004
• http//europa.eu.int/comm/european_group_ethics/in
  dex_en.htm
• Zum Verhältnis zwischen Ethik, Forschung und
  Politik vgl. v.Vf.
• Ethics and Public Policy within a Digital
  Environment. In I. Alvarez, T. W. Bynum, J.A. de
  Assis Lopes, S. Rogerson (Eds.) The
  Transformation of Organisations in the
  Information Age Social and Ethical Implications,
  ETHICOMP 2002, Lisboa 2002, 319-327. Online
  http//www.capurro.de/ethicomp02.html
• Ethics Between Law and Public Policy. In Journal
  of International Biotechnology Laws (JIBL) Vol.
  1, Issue 2 / 2004, 62-66.Online
  http//www.degruyter.de/rs/280_7046_DEU_h.htm
• Ethik in Europa zwischen Forschung und Politik.
  In Wissenschaftszentrum Nordrhein-Westfalen ed.
  Jahrbuch 2002/2003, 200-211.
• Online http//www.capurro.de/wznrw.html