Phytophthora ramorum: Educate to Detect PRED USDAForest Service USDACooperative State Research Educa

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Phytophthora ramorum Educate to Detect(PRED)
USDA-Forest ServiceUSDA-Cooperative State
Research Education Extension Service IPM
Regional CentersNational Plant Diagnostic
NetworkUSDA-Animal and Plant Health Inspection
Service
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Overview

• Introduction to PRED
• History of P. ramorum
• Symptoms and look-alikes
• Regulations
• Sample collection and handling

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History outline

• Status in North American forests
• Status in Europe
• Status in North American landscapes and nurseries

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Marin County, CA (north of San Francisco)
Photo Marin County Fire Department
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Marin County, CA (north of San Francisco), 2000
Photo Marin County Fire Department
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Phytophthora ramorum
Sporangia releasing zoospores
Phytophthora ramorum in culture
Photo UC Davis UC Berkeley
Chlamydospores
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Phytophthora species
Photo William Fry, Cornell University
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Phytophthora ramorum infection on the leaves of
California bay laurel (Umbellularia californica)
Photo Joseph OBrien, USDA-Forest Service
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Two sets of symptoms caused by Phytophthora
ramorum

• Sudden Oak Death
• Red oak group hosts and tanoak
• Stem lesions beneath the bark
• May bleed or ooze
• Can kill adult plants
• Phytophthora ramorum Foliar Blight
• Non-oak hosts
• Spots and blotches on leaves
• Shoot dieback
• Can kill juvenile plants, occasionally mature
  plants

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Photo Mike McWilliams, ODF
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Photo Everett Hansen, Oregon State University
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P. ramorum confirmations in forests
Map from www.suddenoakdeath.org Kelly, UC-Berkeley
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Map USDA- Forest Service
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European garden nursery finds
Phytophthora ramorum infection on rhododendron in
Europe
Photo Hans DeGruyter, Netherlands Plant
Protection Institute
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Infected trees in Europe
Quercus rubra
Fagus sylvatica
Photo DEFRA
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Photo Jennifer Parke, Oregon State University
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Trace-forward trace-backinvestigations

• Trace forwards to the nurseries where stock was
  shipped TO
• Trace backs to the nursery where stock was
  shipped FROM

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Phytophthora ramorum national survey

• Most states have started or completed their
  surveys
• Over 3000 nurseries / garden centers have been
  surveyed
• Over 50,000 samples have been taken
• As of October 2004, this survey has identified
  15 confirmed finds in 7 states California,
  Oregon, Washington, Maryland, Oklahoma, New
  Jersey and Virginia

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Photo Jonathan Jones, APHIS, PPQ
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Distribution of infected nursery stock from
individual nurseries
Map USDA, APHIS, PPQ
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Trace-forwards and positive detections across the
U.S. July 2004
Map USDA, APHIS, PPQ
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Symptoms look-alikes

• Sudden Oak Death on oak hosts
• Symptoms on other hosts
• Screening questions at the NCIPM website
  (www.ncipm.org/sod)
• focus on recently purchased (or near recently
  purchased) camellia, kalmia, lilac, pieris,
  rhododendron, or viburnum

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Symptoms caused by P. ramorum differ on different
hosts
Sudden Oak Deathaffects members of the oak
family (Fagaceae)

• True oaks (Quercus spp.)
• Tanoak (Lithocarpus densiflorus)
• Chestnut (Castanea) Europe only
• Beech (Fagus) Europe only

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P. ramorum on coast live oak
Photo Pavel Svihra, UC Cooperative Extension
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Bleeding canker on tree trunk

• Bleeding or oozing on the bark
• Not associated with cracks in bark or insect
  holes
• Usually on the lower 6 ft. of tree trunks

Photo Garbelotto lab, UC Berkeley
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Phytophthora ramorum
Photos Mike McWilliams, ODF Bruce Moltzen,
Missouri Dept. of Conservation
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Phytophthora ramorum
Cankers (in inner bark) are surrounded by a
black line
Photo Dave Rizzo, UC Davis
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Phytophthora ramorum
outer bark
inner bark
Photo Bruce Moltzen, Missouri Department of
Conservation
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Similar symptoms not P. ramorum
outer bark
inner bark
Bleeding canker caused by Armillaria
Photo Steve Oak, USDA-Forest Service
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Similar symptoms not P. ramorum
outer bark
inner bark
Bleeding canker caused by inner-bark boring
insect
Photo Steve Oak, USDA-Forest Service
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Similar symptoms submit sample
outer bark
inner bark
Bleeding canker caused by Inonotus hispidus
Photo Steve Oak, USDA-Forest Service
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Other common diseases injuries

• Bacterial wetwood
• Boring insects
• Mechanical injury
• Fungi

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On other plant hosts, P. ramorum causes symptoms
of foliar blight

• Pyracantha
• Honeysuckle
• Yew
• Douglas-fir
• Grand fir
• Coast redwood

• Camellia
• Rhododendron
• Viburnum
• Pieris
• Mountain laurel
• Lilac

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Symptoms on camellia
Photos Oregon Dept. of Agriculture Cheryl
Blomquist, CDFA
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Symptoms on camellia
Photo Cheryl Blomquist, CDFA
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Symptoms on camellia

• Symptoms can be subtle
• Look for irregular-shaped brown lesions on the
  leaves
• Sometimes only the tips of leaves are brown
• Look for lower leaves that have fallen off

Photo Cheryl Blomquist, CDFA
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Similar symptoms submit sample
Sun scorch on camellia
Photo Carrie Harmon, University of Florida
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Similar symptoms submit sample
Cold injury on camellia
Photo Richard Regan, Oregon State University
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P. ramorum symptoms on rhododendron
Shoot dieback
Foliar blight
Foliar blight
Rhododendron macrophyllum
Photo Everett Hansen, Oregon State University
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P. ramorum symptoms on rhododendron
Rhododendron macrophyllum
Photo Everett Hansen, Oregon State University
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P. ramorum symptoms on rhododendron
Photo Bruce Moltzen, Missouri Dept. of
Conservation
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P. ramorum symptoms on rhododendron
Rhododendron Unique
Photo Jennifer Parke, Oregon State University
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P. ramorum symptoms on eastern native
rhododendrons (inoculation trials)
Photo Paul Tooley, USDA-ARS
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Similar symptoms submit sample
Foliar blight caused by Phytophthora syringae
Photo Jay Pscheidt, Oregon State University
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Similar symptoms submit sample
Foliar blight caused by Phytophthora species
Photo Mike Benson, NCSU
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Similar symptoms not P. ramorum
Phytophthora root rot - not caused by P. ramorum
Photo Jay Pscheidt, Oregon State University
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Similar symptoms not P. ramorum
Sun scorch
Gray blight can develop on sun scorched
rhododendron leaves
Photo Rich Regan, Oregon State University
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Symptoms on pieris
Pieris japonica
Photo Oregon Dept. of Agriculture
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P. ramorum symptoms on pieris
Pieris japonica
Photo Oregon Dept. of Agriculture
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P. ramorum symptoms on viburnum
Viburnum x bodnantense Dawn
Photo Oregon Dept. of Agriculture
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P. ramorum symptoms on viburnum
Viburnum x bodnantense Dawn
Photo Oregon Dept. of Agriculture
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P. ramorum symptoms on viburnum
Viburnum plicatum tomentosum Mariesii
Photo Jennifer Parke, Oregon State University
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P. ramorum symptoms on viburnum
stem canker
Photo Sabine Werres, Institut für Pflanzenschutz
im Gartenbau, Germany
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P. ramorum symptoms on kalmia (mountain laurel)
Photo DEFRA
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Similar symptoms submit sample
Kalmia latifolia (mountain laurel)
Photo Robert Linderman, USDA-ARS
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Similar symptoms submit sample
Kalmia latifolia (mountain laurel)
Photo Peter Angwin, USDA-Forest Service
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P. ramorum symptoms on lilac
Photo Alexandra Schlenzig, Scottish Agricultural
Science Agency


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Similar symptoms submit sample
Bacterial blight on lilac
Photo Jay Pscheidt, Oregon State University
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P. ramorum symptoms on conifers
Grand fir
Douglas-fir
Photo Santa Clara Co. (CA) Agriculture Dept.
Dave Rizzo, UC Davis
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Regulations

• Federal and State quarantines
• Domestic Regulated Materials
• Federal P. ramorum quarantine program goals

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Phytophthora ramorumregulations quarantines

• Federal quarantines
• prevent movement between states
• State quarantines
• prevent movement within a state
• prevent introductions

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Phytophthora ramorumdomestic regulated materials

• Nursery stock
• Forest stock
• Wood

• Bark
• Soil
• Wreaths greenery

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Phytophthora ramorum host list

• tanoak horse-chestnut southern red oak
• canyon live oak sweet chestnut northern red oak
• coast live oak European beech Holm oak
• California black oak drooping leucothoe wood
  rose
• Shreve oak European turkey oak Viburnum
  varieties
• bigleaf maple toyon madrone
• coffeeberry cascara Formosa firethorn
• California buckeye coast redwood huckleberry
• salmonberry manzanita honeysuckle
• Western starflower grand fir poison oak
• California hazelnut Douglas-fir Scotch heather
• mountain laurel European yew witch-hazel
• Pieris varieties strawberry tree Victorian box
• Camellia species California wood fern lilac
• European yew Pacific yew rhododendrons/azaleas
• false Solomons seal winters bark sweet bay
  laurel
• goat willow Andrews clintonia bead lily
• California bay laurel/pepperwood

Current as of August 16, 2004
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Federal P. ramorum quarantine program goals

• Prevent the artificial spread of P. ramorum
• Take the least restrictive action necessary
• Determine status of disease, nationwide
• Keep the regulations current with the science and
  risk
• Identify where infected items came from and went
  to
• Clean up infested nurseries and garden centers

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APHIS website www.aphis.usda.gov/ppq/ispm/sod
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P. ramorum procedures

• Review of material just presented
• Goal of PRED
• Overview of the program
• What to do

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Sample referral and submission

• In some states, only the State or federal
  regulatory officials will be collecting the
  specimens.
• Contact your county extension agent or supervisor
  to find out who is authorized to collect suspect
  samples in your county.

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Sample referral criteria

• Plants likely to be infected by Phytophthora
  ramorum (as indicated by the screening
  questionnaire)
• Affected plant is on host list and purchased
  since 2002
• Affected plant is near a recently purchased host
  plant
• Symptoms are consistent with Phytophthora
  ramorum
• Screening questions at the NCIPM website
  (www.ncipm.org/sod)

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Communication

• Submit the suspect sample to
• County Extension Specialist/Farm Advisor
• Master Gardener
• Other state designated representative
• Avoid alarming behavior. Dont jump to
  conclusions.
• Wait for lab result
• Maintain confidentiality

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If youre asked to collect a sample

• Collect leaves that show various stages of
  symptom development.
• Take pictures of symptoms and environment.

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Packaging a sample

• Place sample on a paper towel. Do not wet the
  towel.
• Double bag and seal the sample in zippable bags.
• If shipping, use a crush proof box with seams
  sealed completely with tape.
• Be sure to include the sample submission form
  required by your state.

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Delivering a sample

• Contact the sample recipient.
• Samples must be fresh and in good condition.
• Rapid delivery is critical (no Friday shipments).

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Sampling reminders

• The accuracy of a disease diagnosis can only be
  as good as the sample and information provided.
• Sample must be representative of symptoms and
  severity in the field and must contain the right
  material.

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Sampling reminders

• Sanitation
• disposal of material
• containment while shipping
• clean tools
• Chain of custody
• restrict access to sample
• make sure sample collection location is
  retraceable

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Diagnostics laboratory tests

• There are three detection methods
• Antibody test (ELISA)
• Plating on selective media
• DNA (PCR)
• Relatively expensive
• Time consuming

Photo Natalie Goldberg, New Mexico State
University
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Where to go for more information

• APHIS www.aphis.usda.gov/ppq/ispm/sod
• California Oak Mortality Task Forcewww.suddenoak
  death.org
• NCIPMwww.ncipm.org/sod

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Acknowledgments

• Authors
• Jennifer Parke
• Susan Frankel
• Janice Alexander
• Carla Thomas

• Reviewers
• Kitty Caldwell Bill Hoffman
• Eugene Erickson Steve Oak
• Jonathan Jones Melodie Putnam
• Natalie Goldberg Susan Ratcliffe
• Everett Hansen David Rizzo
• Carrie Harmon Stacy Scott
• John Hartman

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Questions???

• We have assembled a group of experts to answer
  your questions
• David Rizzo, University of California, Davis
• Jonathan Jones, APHIS
• Jennifer Parke, Oregon State University
• Kerry Britton, USDA-Forest Service
• Carla Thomas, NPDN
• Susan Ratcliffe, NCIPM