WASTEWATER TREATMENT AND REUSE IN MOROCCO SITUATION AND PERSPECTIVES

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WASTEWATER TREATMENT AND REUSE IN
MOROCCOSITUATION AND PERSPECTIVES

• WASAMED WORKSHOP,
• Cairo, 7th December, 2004
• R.CHOUKR-ALLAH

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Introduction

• Mediterranean countries are characterized by
• More repetitive periods of drought
• Irregularity of the rainfalls
• Water chronic scarcity will be reached by 2020
• Degradation of the water resources quality.

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supply of available waters per capita and per
year in some Mediterranean countries

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Geographic Distribution of Hydraulic river
basins in Morocco

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Geographic distribution of surface waters
resources
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Issues of Water Resources in Morocco

• The available water resources per inhabitant and
  per year will drop from less than 1000 m3 to less
  than 500 m3
• 23of the dams used for potable water are
  threatened by urban pollution

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Issues of Water Resources in Morocco

• 13 of wellheads potable water are exposed to
  pollution
• 3.4of the wellheads have nitrate level higher
  than 50 mg/l
• 60 millions m3 of raw wastewater are used to
  irrigate over 7000 ha

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Potential of wastewater in Morocco
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Main factors that contribute to this increase
are

• increase in the Urban Population ( 4.4 to 5 )
• increase in the potable water network in urban
  areas, which has moved from 53 in 1972 to 79 in
  1993 and to 85 in 2000.
• The increase in the rate of sewerage network
  which has reached 75 in big cities in 1999, and
• increase in the individual consumption of potable
  water, from 85 to 116 liters per inhabitant and
  per day in the period between 1972 and 1992.

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Distribution of wastewaters discharged following
the receptor milieu
Receptor Mediums Discharged Volume in Millions of m3
Mediterranean Atlantic Coast 316 57,8
Rivers 230 422
Total 546 100


Source  CSEC (2001)
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Wastewater effluents cannot be totally mobilized

• 58 of this volume will be discharged on the
  coast
• Absence of irrigable sites downstream from the
  discharges in numerous centers, especially
  coastal cities.
• high cost of the water conveyance system when
  the site of these waters reuse requires fees of
  pumping and conducts, and
• availability of conventional waters is
  satisfactory.
•  

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Typical composition of raw Wastewater in Morocco

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Source ONEP-GTZ
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Main areas of raw wastewaters reuse in Morocco
Regions Surface (ha) Speculations
Marrakech Meknes Oujda Fès El Jadida Khouribga Agadir Béni-Mellal Ben guérir Tétouan 2000 1400 1175 800 800 360 310 225 95 70 Cereals, fruit threes Cereals, fruit threes Cereals, fruit threes fruit threes forage Cereals fruit threes, soybean, floriculture Cereals, , Cotton, beetroot forage, fruit threes forage
Total 7235
Source  CSEC (1994)
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Situation of Wastewater treatment Plants in
Morocco
STEP Number In Function Out of order Non-connected Functioning percentage
Activated sludge 20 12 5 3 60
Bacterial beds 11 5 6 0 45,5
Settling-basin Digester 17 2 13 2 11,8
Sewing 3 0 3 0 0
Lagoons 13 7 5 1 53,8
Infiltration Percolation 2 2 0 0 100
Algal Channel 3 1 1 1 33,3 
Total 69 29 33 7 42,0
Source  CSEC (2001)
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The reuse of treated wastewater is still at the
experimental level

• Pilot projects
• Ouarzazat- FAO
• Ben Sergao - ADF
• Ben Slmimane - ACDI
• Drarga - USAID

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Projects of wastewater treatment and reuse in
Morocco
Plant Ouarzazate Ben Sergao Ben Slimane Drarga
Processing System Lagoon Infiltration Percolation Aerated Lagoons Infiltration Percolation
Implementation ORMVAO FAO-OMS-PNUD IAVHII DGCL RAMSA ONEP/ MILD Canadian Contribution Municipality Ben Slimane Project PREM/ USAID Department of Environment Commune of Drarga ERAC-Sud
Date of launch 1989 1990 1997 2000
Processing capacity 430 m³/d(5 l /s) 750 m3/d 5.600 m3/d 1.000 m³/d
Connected Population ²(Eq-hab.) 4 300 15 000 37 000 10.000
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Sewage performances Reduction percentage
Plant Ouarzazate Ouarzazate BenSergao BenSergao Drarga BenSlimane Marrakech Bouznika
Processing System Lagoon High Out put Lagoon Infiltration Percolation Infiltration Percolation Infiltration Percolation Aerated Lagoon Optional Lagoon Lagoon
Period of Stay (Days) 25 21.9 - - - 30-40 30 -
DBO5 (mg/l) 81.7 65.3 98 98.5 98.5 78 97 75
DCO (mg/l) 72 65.4 92 96 96 79 76 71
MES (mg/l) 28 - 100 96.6 96.6 - 69 76
NTK (mg/l) 31.5 48 85 96.8 96.8 75 71 14
P total (mg/l) 48.5 54 36 95.9 95.9 41 85 -
CF /100ml 99.9 99.9 99.9 99.9 99.9 100 99.4 99.9
O. Helminthes/L 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
Source ONEP-FAO (2001)
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Objectives

• What lessons can be learned from these pilot?
• What are the methods to be used in order to
  improve future reuse of wastewater?
• What are the measures to be taken in order to
  encourage the reuse?
• What are the guidelines for monitoring treatment
  plants and sites irrigated with treated
  wastewaters?

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Lessons learned and recommendations

• Wastewater reuse project planning
• Need to integrate water quality in wastewater
  reuse
• Implementation of strategy and policy to promote
  reuse
• Participation of the end users in all phase of
  the project
• Selection of durable site

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Lessons learned and recommendations

• Wastewater reuse project planning
• Selection of treatment system based on the type
  possible reuse
• Need to diversify different reuse
• Cost-benefit analysis should include
  socio-economic and environmental aspects
• Constant dialogue between all relevant partners

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Irrigation systems

• Numerous irrigation systems have been tested in
  the pilot projects
• problems faced were not linked to the irrigation
  method but rather to the piloting of the
  irrigation
• choice of a good dripper might significantly
  improve the distribution of wastewaters at the
  level of the plot
• Drip irrigation reduce considerably the health
  risks

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Treated wastewater price

• Price assessment components
• Pumping cost
• Transport cost
• Storage cost
• Operation and maintenance cost

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Institution partnership establishment for
collective agreement

• Definition of the role of each partner
• Agreement which cover all aspects of the project
  ( finance, technical assistance, monitoring,
  management, )
• Active participation of all partners in all phase
  of the project
• Total transparency in the implementation of
  actions
• Wiliness to share risks and success of the
  project
• Each partner has to feel he has something to gain

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Conclusions and recommendations

• Planning
• Strengthen the participation of the beneficiaries
• Monitoring the quality of treated wastewater and
  reinforce existing regulation

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Conclusions and recommendations

• Economic Aspects
• Establish cost-beneficiate analysis
• Insure that wastewater reuse is profitable to the
  farmers

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Conclusions and Recommendations

• Organizational Aspects
• Encourage cooperation benefit between institution
• Establish services contacts between the
  manufacturing institution and local expertise
  institution

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Conclusions and Recommendations

• Regulation aspects
• Establish norms and standards for the reuse of
  treated wastewater
• Limit the parameters to be monitored

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Conclusions and Recommendations

• Technical and agronomical Aspects
• Encourage the drip irrigation system
• Optimize the recycling of the nutrient elements
  included in the wastewater
• Develop a strategy for the storage of wastewater

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Conclusions and Recommendations

• Sanitary Aspects
• Develop analytical methods for monitoring
  persistent contaminants
• Improve research techniques for parasites and
  virus
• Develop a methodology and monitoring evaluation
  system of the impact of the reuse on the soil,
  crops and ground water

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Conclusions and Recommendations

• Awareness raising
• Establish a Awareness and sanitary education
  programs for farmers, engineers and technicians
• Develop handouts on different aspects of the
  reuse of treated wastewater

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