Quick review of chapter 2

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Quick review of chapter 2

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Title: Quick review of chapter 2

1
Quick review of chapter 2

Phonetics and phonology Understanding the sounds
of speech

2
Quick review of chapter 2

Phonetics deals with the _________________________
__ of sounds

Phonology deals with the ___________________ of
these sounds

The auditory cortex deals with sounds The faster
_______ _______ mainly deals with sound used
linguistically while the slower right hemisphere
mainly deals with sound used ____________

Different sounds are categorized according to
________ ________ ( where in the mouth and
throat) and ________ _________ ( complete
closure to complete openess)

The IPA comprises of graphemes that have a
___________ with the sound they represent.

3
Quick review of chapter 2

When doing phonetic and phonological analysis, we
use the _____________, which is enclosed in

We deal with variation in production of sounds
(and of pretty much anything else as well) by
______________

______ ( phones) are categorized into
____________, which are enclosed in / /
(orthographic writing is enclosed in lt gt)

The __________ is a unit of organization of a
sound sequence

There are three types of allophonic variations
___________ variation, _________ variation, and
________________________

A phonological system is composed of a set of
_____________, ________ variations, and a set of
______________ rules (also called phonotactics)

4
Chapter 3

Morphology The analysis of word structure

5
The organization of grammar
Phonetics
Phonology
Morphology
Grammar
Syntax
Comprehension
Production
Semantic
Concepts
6
What is morphology?

That part of the grammar that is concerned with
words and word formation

Words and parts of words are stored in our mental
dictionay or lexicon

cranberry
berry
chief
boot
marry
-ed
-ize
nail
cran-
hanker-
married
hankerchief
Mary
-s
nails
7
What is morphology?

Here is a more realistic view of the mental
lexicon

8
What is morphology?

Morphology is a set of rules that stipulate how
this word/morpheme will combine with that other
word/morpheme

faithful
-ful
faith
Noun (N)
The suffix ful can only combine with Ns
quickful
-ful
quick
Adjective (A)
9
What is morphology?
blacken
-en
black
bl¾k
Adjective (A)
The suffix en can only combine with As
packen
-en
pack
Noun (N)
bluen
-en
blue
bluÉ
As coda has to be an obstruent
Adjective (A)
blushen
-en
rich
ÈitS
Adjective (A)
10
What is morphology?
1 s
blacken
-en
black
bl¾k
Adjective (A)
2 ss
abstracten
-en
abstract
Ç¾bstr¾kt
Adjective (A)
The suffix en can only combine with As
As coda has to be an obstruent
A has to be monosyllabic
11
Cerebral anatomy
12
Morphological processes in the brain

We dont know (yet) where the morphological
component is situated in the brain

but
13
Morphological processes in the brain

In any case, as my supervisor Gary Libben found,
part of our brain seems to act as a meaning
inhibitor

He discovered this by doing an experiment with an
aphasic called RS.

RS had a left temporal-parietal intra-cerebral
hemorrhage

Butter
dumb
fly
bell
Meaning inhibitory component probably somewhere
in here

RS was asked to paraphrase the meaning of
compounds such as

14
Some useful definitions

Word the smallest free form found in language

Free form an element that does not have to
occur in a fixed position with respect to
neighbouring elements

What are these things?
-s
turn
re-
tree
Free form
Word
15
Morphemes

These things are called morphemes

They are morphemes
-s
turn
re-
tree
Free form
Word

Morphemes smallest unit of language that
carries information about meaning or function.

16
Types of morphemes

There are 2 types of morphems

Bound morphemes the morpheme cannot occur by
itslef and must be attached to another element

-able
re-

Free morphemes the morpheme can occur by itself

17
Allomorphs

Allomorph variant forms of a morpheme

Do you remember the concepts of phone and
phoneme from chapter 2?
18
AllomorphsRemember phones phonemes?

Phonemic variation meaning variation

19
AllomorphsRemember phones phonemes?

Phoneme are comprised of a set of real world
sounds (might be 1, might be more)

20
AllomorphsRemember phones phonemes?

The set of real world sounds contained in the
phoneme will have a relationships of

Free variation or

Complementary distribution

21
AllomorphsRemember phones phonemes?

The set of real world sounds contained in these
phonemes could have a relationships of

22
AllomorphsRemember phones phonemes?

Or a relationship of

23
AllomorphsRemember phones phonemes?

Allophones different sounds representing a
single mental category

24
Allomorphs

Well, alloMORPHS are (almost) just like
allophones

AlloMORPH variant forms of a morpheme

Morphemes smallest unit of language that
carries information about meaning or function.
In addition, morphemes mental categories,
just like phonemes, comprised of real world
instances.
/ön-/
ön-
öm-
öN-
Symbolic sign
Morpheme
Negative
25
The morphemeA bigger picture
26
Morphemes are symbolic signs

Some instances of morphemes

Symbolic sign
Symbolic sign
Morpheme
Morpheme
Negative
The one who Xs
Symbolic sign
Morpheme
Morpheme
Symbolic sign
Quality or condition of X
Against X
27
Analyzing word structureRoots and affixes

Root the core of the word, which carries the
major component of its meaning

Typically belong to a lexical category

Affix bound morpheme

-en
-ful
-s
-ed
in-
re-
28
More on lexical classesRemember this?
We categorize things and concepts
29
More on lexical classes We do this with respect
to LCs too

Lexical categories (LCs) are categories of
concepts

Language A
30
More on lexical classes

The grouping of these concepts will change from
language to language

Language B
31
Analyzing word structureBases

Base the form to which an affix is added

-en
black
blackened
-ed
V
Base for -ed
V
Root for en and ed as well as base for -en
Af
Af
A
-en
black
-ed
32
Analyzing word structureTypes of affixes

There are 3 types of affixes

Prefixes

re-
fill

Infixes

fucking
defence
de
fence
fucking

Suffixes

-er
work
33
First part of

In-class activity 2

34
Lexial categories

Assign a lexical category to your words using the
following conventions

35
Lexical categories

Assign a lexical category to your words

N
N
N
N
V
V
N
N
N
N
N
A
N
N
V
V
N
N
V
N
36
Word formation processes

There are 3 types of word formation processes

Derivation

Compounding

Inflection

37
Derivation

Derivation Affixational process that forms a
word with a meaning and/or lexical category
distinct from that of the base.

Suffixation
Prefixation
38
Complex derivations

Derivation can apply more than once.

N
V

Thus, it is possible to create multiple levels of
word structure

A
Af
Af
V
Af
-ive
act
-ate
-tion
39
Complex derivations
N

What is the structure of the following derivation?

N
A
Af
Af
V
Af
Anticreativity
40
Constraints on derivation

Remember the ful derivational process?

What were the constraints this derivational
process?

faithful
-ful
faith
Noun (N)
The suffix ful can only combine with Ns
quickful
-ful
quick
Adjective (A)
41
Constraints on derivation
blacken
-en
black
bl¾k
Adjective (A)
The suffix en can only combine with As
packen
-en
pack
Noun (N)
bluen
-en
blue
bluÉ
As coda has to be an obstruent
Adjective (A)
blushen
-en
rich
ÈitS
Adjective (A)
42
Constraints on derivation
1 s
blacken
-en
black
bl¾k
Adjective (A)
2 ss
abstracten
-en
abstract
Ç¾bstr¾kt
Adjective (A)
The suffix en can only combine with As
As coda has to be an obstruent
A has to be monosyllabic
43
Constraints on derivation Another example
worker
-er
work
eater
-er
eat
The er suffix attaches to verbs that have an
agentive participant, which it will designate.
fighter
-er
fight
haver
-er
have
lier
-er
lie (down)
exister
-er
exist
44
Two classes of derivational affixes

There are 2 types derivational affixes

Class 1 affixes Often trigger changes in the
consonant or vowel segment of the base and may
affect stress placement

partial
-(i)al
part
/pt/
/pt(j)\l/
/-(j)\l/
/pt/
\"pt(j)\l/
pút
"púS\l
-(j)\l
pút
"púS\l
45
Two classes of derivational affixes

There are 2 types derivational affixes

Class 2 affixes Tend to be phonologically
neutral, having no effect on the consonant or
vowel segment of the base or on stress placement.

promptness
-ness
prompt
/pmpt/
\"pmptn\s/
/-n\s/
/"pmptn\s/
/pmpt/
púmpt
-n\s
púmpt
"púmptn\s
"púmptn\s
46
Second part of

In-class activity 2

47
Make up some affixes

First, make up 1 type one prefixes, 1 type two
prefixes, 2 infixes. 1 type one suffixes, and 1
type two suffixes

Thats a total of
6 affixes
48
Creating prefixes
49
Make up some affixesMy languages prefixes

Determine the phonological make-up of your type
one prefix

/i/
/r/
50
Make up some affixesMy languages prefixes

Determine the phonological make-up of your type
two prefix

/n/
/e/
51
Make up some affixesMy languages prefixes

Choose a meaning/funtion for your prefixes from
the prefix suffix lists that I gave you

Choose the lexical category to which it will
attach and/or whether there is a lexical category
conversion

/ri-/
not, without
N ? N
/en-/
after in time
V ? V

Make an example for each prefix

Go back to your list of words and choose an
appropriate word ( a word of the right lexical
category)

52
Make up some affixesMy languages prefixes
53
Make up some affixesMy languages prefixes

Put the prefix and the selected word together

/"riXy/ without a dog/s
54
Make up some affixesMy languages prefixes
IPA help

Now crank it through your phonological system

X
i
gt
ö
/ri"Xy/ _ "Xigtö without a dog/s
55
Make up some affixesMy languages prefixes

Put the prefix and the selected word together

/en"ru/ to track later
56
Make up some affixesMy languages prefixes
IPA help

Now crank it through your phonological system

n
X

/
/en"ru/ _ /n"X to track later
57
Make up some affixesMy languages prefixes

Note that these type one affixes will change the
stress of the word it attaches to, but not the
type two affixes

/"riXy/ without a dog/s
Stress shift
/en"ru/ to track later
NO stress shift
58
Creating infixes
59
Make up some affixesMy languages infixes

Determine the phonological make-up of your first
infix

/i/
/d/
60
Make up some affixesMy languages infixes

This is the second infix

/V/
/a/
61
Make up some affixesMy languages infixes

Choose a meaning/funtion for your infixes from
the prefix suffix lists that I gave you

Choose the lexical category to which it will
attach and/or whether there is a lexical category
conversion

/-di-/
to X
N, A, P ? V
/-aV-/
to X upward
N ? V

Make an example for each infix

Go back to your list of words and choose an
appropriate word ( a word of the right lexical
category)

62
Make up some affixesMy languages prefixes
63
Make up some affixesMy languages infixes

Put the infix and the selected word together

64
Make up some affixesMy languages infixes

Put the infix and the selected word together

Find an appropriate place to split your word open
and insert the infix

65
Make up some affixesMy languages infixes

Put the infix and the selected word together

Find an appropriate place to split your word open
and insert the infix

Resyllabify the new word

O
N
N
C
O
66
Make up some affixesMy languages infixes
IPA help

Now crank it through your phonological system

T
a
y
n
D
/"dadin/ _ "TaDyn to weapon
67
Make up some affixesMy languages infixes

Put the infix and the selected word together

68
Make up some affixesMy languages infixes

Put the infix and the selected word together

Find an appropriate place to split your word open
and insert the infix

69
Make up some affixesMy languages infixes

Put the infix and the selected word together

Find an appropriate place to split your word open
and insert the infix

Resyllabify the new word

O
N
N
C
O
70
Make up some affixesMy languages infixes
IPA help

Now crank it through your phonological system

²
a

n
²
/"VaVun/ _ "²a²n to water upwards
71
Creating suffixes
72
Make up some affixesMy languages suffixes

Determine the phonological make-up of your type
one suffix

/e/
/n/
73
Make up some affixesMy languages suffixes

Then make up a type two suffix

/y/
74
Make up some affixesMy languages suffixes

Choose a meaning/funtion for your suffixes from
the prefix suffix lists that I gave you

Choose the lexical category to which it will
attach and/or whether there is a lexical category
conversion

/-ne/
one who Xs
V ? N
/-y/
made of X
N ? A

Make an example for each infix

Go back to your list of words and choose an
appropriate word ( a word of the right lexical
category)

75
Make up some affixesMy languages prefixes
76
Make up some affixesMy languages suffixes

Put the suffix and the selected word together

/run"ne/ one who hunts
77
Make up some affixesMy languages infixes
IPA help

Now crank it through your phonological system

å
u
n

n
/run"ne/ _ åun"n one who hunts
78
Make up some affixesMy languages suffixes

Put the suffix and the selected word together

/"yny/ made of fruit
79
Make up some affixesMy languages infixes

I will syllabify the new word

O
N
N
O
80
Make up some affixesMy languages infixes
IPA help

Now crank it through your phonological system

/
ö
ö
n
/"yny/ _ "önö made of fruit
81
Make up some affixesMy languages affix list
IPA help

Then, list your affixes

Type of affix
Type one
Type two
Affix
82
Make up some affixesMy languages derivation list
IPA help

Last, list words you have created as so

83
Word formation processes

There are 3 types of word formation processes

Derivation

Compounding

Inflection

84
Compounding

Compounding Combination of two already existing
words.

N
N
N
Symbolic sign
Beautiful flying insect with large wings
85
Compounding

Another compound we saw previously

N
A
N
Symbolic sign
Type of weights used to exercise
86
Compounding

Notice how the right-most word provides the
lexical category and the core meaning to the
compound?

This morpheme is called the head ( root)

In English, compounds are right-headed.

87
Compounding

Compounds in other languages can be left-headed

Tagalog
French
rainwater
policeman
blackboard
88
Properties of compounds

Compounds have special properties that
non-compounds lack

Pronounciation

In particular, adjective-noun compounds are
characterized by more prominent stress on their
first component

Stress here
Stress here
89
Properties of compounds

They are islands

In English, tense and plural markers can
typically NOT be attached to the first element

-es
-(e)s
OK
-s

They can, however, be attached to the whole unit

90
Endocentric and exocntric compounds

The meaning of a compound can be exocentric or
endocentric.

Remember this compound?

Exocentric coumpound The meaning of the
compound does not follow from the meaning of its
parts.
91
Endocentric and exocntric compounds

Another exocentric compound we saw previously

Exocentric coumpound The meaning of the
compound does not follow from the meaning of its
parts.
92
Endocentric and exocntric compounds

This guy is endocentric.

N
N
N
Endocentric coumpound Denotes a sub-type of the
concept denoted by its head.
Symbolic sign
A hole that is dug in the ground to obtain oil.
93
Endocentric and exocntric compounds

This guy is also endocentric compound.

A
P
A
Endocentric coumpound Denotes a sub-type of the
concept denoted by its head.
Symbolic sign
Advanced in development beyond the stage of
maturity or ripeness.
94
Endocentric and exocntric compounds

And another endocentric compound.

V
N
V
Endocentric coumpound Denotes a sub-type of the
concept denoted by its head.
Symbolic sign
To give food to a person with a spoon.
95
Third part of

In-class activity 2

96
Creating some compounds
97
Make up some compounding rules

First, choose whether your language is righ- or
left-headed, or both

I want my language to be both left- and
right-headed

Second, put some constraints on your compounds

98
Make up some compounding rules

Second, create 4 well-formed endocentric
compounds

99
Endocentric and exocntric compounds
V
V
N
Endocentric compound
Symbolic sign
To go in pursuit of dogs.
100
Make up some affixesMy languages compounds
IPA help

Now crank it through your phonological system

gt
ö
u
n
è
/"Xyrun/ _ "öèun to dog hunt
101
Make up some compounding rules

This is my second compound

102
Endocentric and exocntric compounds
A
V
A
Endocentric compound
Symbolic sign
Hot like when you work hot.
103
Make up some affixesMy languages compounds
IPA help

Now crank it through your phonological system

n
a
a
/
/"naa/ _ "na/a hot like when you work
104
Make up some compounding rules

This is my third compound

105
Endocentric and exocntric compounds
N
N
N
Endocentric compound
Symbolic sign
A knife used to cut bread.
106
Make up some affixesMy languages compounds
IPA help

Now crank it through your phonological system

ø
ö
a
n
n
/"nanWi/ _ "nanøö bread knife
107
Make up some compounding rules

This is my fourth compound

108
Endocentric and exocntric compounds
V
V
N
Endocentric compound
Symbolic sign
To work making a house to buld a house.
109
Make up some affixesMy languages compounds
IPA help