Medieval History

1
Medieval History

• Introduction to chapter 10

2
500-1500 Common time frame

• No true consensus on dates.
• 476-1453 are generally considered.
• Each date marked the fall of an empire.
• 476-The fall of Rome.
• 1453-Eastern Empire fell, Constantinople to the
  Turks.

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Dark Age Age of Faith "Middle Age"
between classical Greece Rome 15th C.
revival of those ideas.
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• From a historical perspective, the Renaissance
  cannot be clearly separated from the middle ages.

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Throughout the medieval era

• Only (1) institution came close to uniting all of
  Europe
• The Catholic Church

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306 Constantine Caesar co-ruler of Roman
Empire.
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Born 2-27-271,2,or 3. In 312 AD

• Converted to Christianity.

Died 5-22-337
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392 AD

• Christianity became the official religion of the
  state.
• A cult became the established religion.

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325 AD

• Council of Nicaea.
• 1st ecumenical (world-wide) council of the
  church. Bishops from all over the known world
  attended.
• Issued Nicene Creed.
• Solved controversy over timing of Easter.

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Mercenary for Rome. Revolted overthrew Romulus.
Odoacer
Seized Rome in 476.
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590 AD

• Pope Gregory, the Great.
• Born 540, died 3-12-604.
• Established the Papacy as a strong,
  socio-political force

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1517 AD

• Martin Luther
• posted 95 theses criticizing the Catholic Church.
• Beginnings
• of the Protestant Reformation.

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Justification by faith

• If you believe, God accepts you and forgives your
  sins.
• Eternal life by faith.
• Luther criticizes sale of indulgences. Buying
  people out of purgatory and getting them into
  heaven. (church practice)

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1521 AD

• Luther was excommunicated.
• Appeared before the Diet of Worms.
• Asked to renounce his teachings.
• He refused. Says scripture doesnt support the
  authority of the pope.

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Ultimately, the Protestant Reformation split the
western church, then religious wars
spread throughout Europe.
Ultimately the Protestant Reformation split the
western church, then religious wars spread
throughout Europe.
18
1648

• Wars ended with the Peace of Westphalia.

19
Series of treaties to end 30 years war

• Netherlands is independent.
• Calvinists get legal recognition.
• 3 new powers Sweden, France the Netherlands.
• Switzerland is independent.
• Begins the modern system of nation states.

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Medieval studies are eurocentric. The Medieval
era is a European concept. The rest of the world
is important, but more as how it affected
events in Europe.
21
Europe is not a distinct geographic entity
during the middle ages. Was considered
"Christendom".
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Borders were shifting often

• No political force controlled everything.
• By late 15th C. westward exploration of the new
  world created an awareness in Europeans of their
  old world.

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15th Century a turning point
1453 end of 100 Years War. Unification of France.
25
1485 War of Roses

• Between Houses of Lancaster York ends in
  Britain. Begins extensive peace within.

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Ferdinand Isabella
1492 Moors driven from Spain. Jews
expelled. Catholic unity prevailed.
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Moors were Muslims living in Spain.

• Came from present day Morocco western Algeria.
• Defeated by Charles Martel, Charles the Hammer
  at the Battle of Tours in 732.

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Changes were everywhere. Nations established
modern identities. Europe took on a cohesive
identity of its own.
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Nation state

• A political state whose people share the same
  language and culture.

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Medieval Era

• Divided into 3 periods.
• Early middle.
• High middle.
• Late middle.

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Early Middle Ages

• From the Fall of Rome to the 11th century.
• Dark Ages
• Charlemagne, Alfred the Great, Viking Activity,
  Iconoclastic controversy, expansion of Islam,
  Christianity spread, Papacy evolved into powerful
  political entity.

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High Middle Ages

• 11th to 14th centuries.
• Norman conquest, Crusades, Investiture
  Controversy, Magna Carta, establishment of
  universities, feudalism firmly established, trade
  flourished.

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Late Middle Ages

• 14th to 17th centuries.
• 100 Years War, Black Death, Italian Renaissance,
  Peasants Revolt, Joan of Arc, Fall of
  Constantinople, War of the Roses, Columbus,
  Protestant Reformation, Shakespeare.

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By the end of the era

• Regard for the value of the individual over
  groups was growing. Seeds of the idea of human
  rights had been sown.

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Other terms to know

• Ano Dominae the year of our lord.
• BC before Christ.
• Common Era time beginning with birth of Jesus.
• BCE before common era.
• Millennium 1000 year period.
• Century 100 year period.
• Decade 10 year period.
• Is there a year Zero?

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46 BC, Julius Caesar

• Reformed the calendar.
• Added Leap year.
• Julian calendar.
• 365 days, 6 hours longer than a solar year.
  Created error over years.
• Date of equinox shifted.

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1582 Pope Gregory XIII

• Dropped 10 days (Oct 5-14) and fixed the leap
  year problem.
• The reformed Julian (Gregorian Calendar) was not
  used by England colonies until 1752.
• Centuries ending in hundreds not leap year unless
  divisible by 400.