Top Quark Physics at CDF

1
Top Quark Physicsat CDF

• Evelyn J Thomson
• University of Pennsylvania
• Experimental Particle Physics Seminar
• University of Washington
• 6 January 2006

2
Motivation

• Most massive elementary particle
• Discovered in 1995 by CDF and D0
• Only few dozen candidates in 0.1 fb-1
• Is it really Standard Model top? Any effects
  from new physics?
• Only CDF and D0 can study top until LHC
• Large 1 fb-1 data sample for Winter 2006
• Top quark mass is a fundamental parameter in the
  Standard Model and beyond
• Huge top quark mass induces significant radiative
  corrections to W boson mass
• Reduced uncertainty on top quark mass imposes
  tighter constraints on unknowns, like Standard
  Model Higgs boson or SUSY
• Significant background to many searches for new
  physics at LHC

3
The high energy frontier is at Hadron Colliders
for the next decade
ee- ILC 91-1000 GeV L 25 miles?
ee- LEP 91-209 GeV C16 miles
ee- SLC 91 GeV L2 miles
1985 1990 1995 2000
2005 2010 2015 2020
??????? discovery
Top quark discovery
W, Z boson discovery
ppbar SPS 600 GeV C4.4 miles
ppbar Tevatron 1.80-1.96 TeV C3.9 miles
pp LHC 14 TeV C16 miles
4
Physics at a hadron collider is like

• Drinking from a firehose
• Collision rate huge
• Tevatron every 396 ns
• LHC every 25 ns
• Total cross section huge 60mb
• 2-3 interactions per collision
• Tevatron L1032cm-2s-1
• LHC initial/low lumi L1033cm-2s-1
• 20 interactions per collision
• LHC design/high lumi L1034cm-2s-1
• Panning for gold
• W, Z, top are relatively rare
• Need high luminosity
• Trigger is crucial
• Distinguish using high pT leptons

5
Top Quark Production Decay
Cacciari et al. JHEP 0404068 (2004) Kidonakis
Vogt PRD 68 114014 (2003)
Produce in pairs via strong interaction
At vs1.96 TeV 85 qq 15 gg
At vs14 TeV 10 qq 90 gg s 833 100 pb
Decay singly via electroweak interaction t?Wb
t?Wb has 100 branching ratio Width 1.5 GeV so
lifetime 10-25s No top mesons or baryons! Final
state characterized by number and type of charged
leptons from decay of W and W- bosons
Dilepton
Lepton jets
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Top Quark Pair Production

• Why is qq annihilation dominant at the TeVatron
  but gg fusion at LHC?
• Why does cross section increase by x100 for only
  x7 increase in vs?

7
Snapshot of Tevatron Operation

• World Record Peak Luminosity
• Deliver 8 fb-1 if all upgrades succeed
• Note electron cooling upgrade making good
  progress!
• Deliver 4 fb-1 even if no further improvements
• Already delivered over 1fb-1 to experiments

Produce 3 top pairs every hour, or 6 billion
bunch crossings
Peak Luminosity (cm-2s-1)
Run I best
Integrated Luminosity (fb-1)
We are here!
8
Snapshot of CDF Data

• Current top quark physics results from 350 pb-1
  of data up to September 2004
• 2005 excellent year for CDF! Collected over 1
  fb-1 of data at vs1.96 TeV
• Watch out for new top results with 0.7 fb-1 at
  Moriond 2006

9
Top Quark Production Decay
Cacciari et al. JHEP 0404068 (2004) Kidonakis
Vogt PRD 68 114014 (2003)
Produce in pairs via strong interaction
At vs1.96 TeV 85 qq 15 gg
At vs14 TeV 10 qq 90 gg s 833 100 pb
Decay singly via electroweak interaction t?Wb
t?Wb has 100 branching ratio Width 1.5 GeV so
lifetime 10-25s No top mesons or baryons! Final
state characterized by number and type of charged
leptons from decay of W and W- bosons
Dilepton
Lepton jets
10
CDF Top Dilepton Candidate
1 isolated track pTgt20 GeV/c
2 jets ETgt20 GeV
Missing Energy in Transverse Plane MET gt25 GeV
1 isolated electron ETgt20 GeV
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Dilepton
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LeptonJets

• 1 isolated electron/muon pTgt20 GeV/c
• At least 3 jets pTgt15 GeV/c
• METgt20 GeV
• Need more discrimination against same final state
  from Wjets processes!

• Kinematic event observables
• Decay products of massive top quarks more
  energetic and central than Wjets
• Combine several kinematic observables in optimal
  artificial neural network
• Fit observed data to expected distributions from
  signal and backgrounds

13
LeptonJets with b-tagging

• Each top quark decay produces one energetic
  central b-quark, however, only few Wjets have
  b or c quarks
• Distinctive experimental signature from long
  lifetimes of massive B hadrons
• Reconstruct significantly displaced secondary
  vertex from charged B decay products inside jet
• Efficiency per b-jet about 50
• False positive rate about 1

CDF Run II Preliminary
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LeptonJets with b-tagging
1 or more b-tags Nbtag1
Search for single top and WH here!
With more data, measure WHF rates in control
region and check bkg assumptions
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Checking Wbb production rate

• Invariant Mass of all charged particle tracks
  from significantly displaced secondary vertex
• Discriminate between b/c/light flavor
• Check b MC model in double-tag di-jet events
• Several light flavor models have similar shapes

• Difficult to check charm MC model, and
  measurement complicated by large amount of charm
  from Wcc and Wc in this b-tagged sample!
• Now developing tools to reject secondary vertices
  from charm quark decays
• Will be applicable to flagship searches for
  single top and WH as well

16
LeptonJets with b-tagging Double-tag
Background very small ? Signal efficiency is
small too ? Bitten twice by b-tag efficiency
systematic uncertainty ??
17
Relax b-tag requirements
Double b-tag rate increases! Will be a useful
tool to select a large pure sample of top
candidates for studies of top properties
Can increase b-tag efficiency ?
But mistag rate increases too ?
CDF now developing a neural network b-tagger to
achieve better efficiency-purity.
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eth and µth Neutrinojets

• Zero isolated electrons/muons!
• At least 4 jets pTgt15 GeV/c
• MET significance gt 4 GeV½
• MET not collinear with jets
• At least 1 b-tag
• In future explicit tau identification!

• 1 isolated electron/muon pTgt20 GeV/c
• 1 isolated t??thadrons pTgt15 GeV/c
• METgt20 GeV
• At least 2 jets pTgt20 GeV/c
• Reduce backgrounds
• Total transverse energy gt205 GeV
• Not compatible with Z?tt

CONTROL
CDF Run II Preliminary
CDF set limit on anomalous decay rate
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All-hadronic

• All-jets! Challenge is to reduce huge background
  from QCD processes at a hadron collider!
• Dedicated trigger 4 jets with ETgt15 GeV and
  Event ETgt125 GeV
• Optimal Kinematic preselection with SB of 125
• At least one b-tag

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Is this the standard model Top Quark?
Test Top Quark Decay
Observe Top Quark Pair Production in all final
states
Top always decays to Wb? Any Charged Higgs from
t?Hb? Top electric charge is 2/3? W helicity
right? Anomalous FCNC t?Zc, gc, ?cb?
Test Top Quark Pair Production
Pair Production Rate New massive resonance X?tt?
Top spin Tests of NLO kinematics
Precision measurement of top quark mass 30
improvement this year!
Search for Single Top Quark Production
21
Is this the standard model Top Quark?
Test Top Quark Decay
Observe Top Quark Pair Production in all final
states
Top always decays to Wb? Any Charged Higgs from
t?Hb? Top electric charge is 2/3? W helicity
right? Anomalous FCNC t?Zc, gc, ?cb?
Test Top Quark Pair Production
Pair Production Rate New massive resonance X?tt?
Top spin Tests of NLO kinematics
Precision measurement of top quark mass 30
improvement this year!
Search for Single Top Quark Production
22
Does top always decay to Wb? Part (b)

• If BR(t?Wb) is lower than SM prediction of 100,
  or if b-tag efficiency is lower than
  estimated value
• observe fewer double b-tag events
• observe more events without any b-tags
• Fit RBR(t?Wb) / BR(t?Wq) times b-tag efficiency
  from observed number and estimated composition of
  0,1,2-tag dilepton and leptonjets events

CDF 161 pb-1
?e eb- elight 0.44 0.03 from independent
estimate
Rgt0.62 _at_ 95 C.L.
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Does top always decay to Wb? Part (W)

• Branching ratio for t?Hb significant (gt10) for
  small and large tanß
• H decays differently than W
• H?t?t enhanced if high tanß observe more taus!
• H?tb?Wbb for high m(H) if low tanß mimics SM
  signature but observe more b-tags
• Compare number of observed events in 4 final
  states dilepton, eth µth, leptonjets with
  single b-tag, and leptonjets with double b-tags

Set limits in several MSSM scenarios with NLO
corrections
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Does top always decay to Wb? Part (W)
Electric charge of 2/3 implies t?Wb Electric
charge of -4/3 implies t?W-b How to tell the
difference experimentally?

• Select 21 double b-tag lepton4 jets
• Very pure sample with only 5 bkg
• Statistical estimate b charge from jet-charge
• Pick best lepton and b-jet combination with
  kinematic fit for fixed mtop175 GeV/c2
  hypothesis
• 17 double b-tag events pass
• Correct assignment 792
• Calculate magnitude of top charges
• Q1 lepton charge b1-jet charge
• Q2-lepton charge b2-jet charge
• Define ? as ratio of unbinned likelihoods for SM
  (Q2/3) and Exotic (Q-4/3) hypotheses

First result From D0!
Measure ?11.5 Exclude Q -4/3 _at_ 94 C.L.
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Decay consistent with standard model so far!
Test Top Quark Decay
Observe Top Quark Pair Production in all final
states
Top always decays to Wb? Any Charged Higgs from
t?Hb? Top electric charge is 2/3? W helicity
right? Anomalous FCNC t?Zc, gc, ?cb?
Test Top Quark Pair Production
Pair Production Rate New massive resonance X?tt?
Top spin Tests of NLO kinematics
Precision measurement of top quark mass 30
improvement this year!
Search for Single Top Quark Production
26
Top Pair Production Rate

• Are measurements in different final states
  consistent with each other and with theory?

D0 Run 2 Preliminary
?2/dof4.3/5
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Does something new produce ttbar?

• Search for new massive resonance decaying to top
  pairs
• Lepton4 jets (no b-tagging)
• Matrix element technique to increase sensitivity
• Fix top pair, diboson, QCD to expected rates
• Assume everything else is Wjets

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Significance? Future prospects?

• Interesting feature around 500 GeV/c2
• Only 2 standard deviations now
• Potential for interesting result for Moriond 2006

29
Does something new produce Single Top Quarks?
Single top quark production via electroweak
interaction Cross section proportional to Vtb2
Harris et al PRD 66 (02) 054024 Cao et al
hep-ph/0409040 Campbell et al PRD 70 (04) 094012
Tait PRD 61 (00) 034001 Belyaev, Boos PRD 63
[phone]
0.88 0.11 pb
1.98 0.25 pb
lt0.1 pb
Trigger on lepton from t?Wb?l?b
2 b-jets for s-channel 1 b-jet and 1
light jet for t-channel
Interesting to measure both channels sensitive
to different physics
See Tait, Yuan PRD63, 014018 (2001)
t-channel Sensitive to FCNCs
s-channel Sensitive to new resonances
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Search for Single Top
1 Lepton pTgt20 GeV METgt20 GeV Exactly 2 jets
ETgt15 GeV ?lt2.8 1 b-tag Mlvb 140,210 GeV
Single top is kinematically between Wjets and
top pair production NLO calculations for rate and
shape very important, especially at LHC
st channel
R.K. Ellis, J. Campbell hep-ph/0408158
Non-top is many processes!
t channel
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D0 Search for Single Top Quark Production

• Why is it difficult?
• Signal swamped by Wjets
• Signal sandwiched between Wjets and top pair
  production
• Dedicated likelihood to discriminate between each
  signal and each background
• Kinematic observables
• Show likelihoods for t-channel
• Rely on good MC modeling of Wjets background
  composition and kinematics
• Big challenge for discovery!
• 3s evidence expected with lt2 fb-1

D0 Preliminary Worlds best limits! Factor of
2-3 away from standard model
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Single top Prospects at CDF

• CDF projection combines discrimination of several
  observables in an Artificial Neural Network
• Expect 30 improvement in S/vB over previous CDF
  single variable technique
• st channel is signal, expect 27 events for 1.5
  fb-1
• This does not include systematic uncertainties!
• Goal for Moriond 2006
• Improve b-tagging to reject more Wcc and Wc
  background
• Apply multivariate technique to 0.7 fb-1 data

Predictions are rather difficult, especially if
they concern the future Niels Bohr
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Production Decay consistent with standard model
Test Top Quark Decay
Observe Top Quark Pair Production in all final
states
Top always decays to Wb? Any Charged Higgs from
t?Hb? Top electric charge is 2/3? W helicity
right? Anomalous FCNC t?Zc, gc, ?cb?
Test Top Quark Pair Production
Pair Production Rate New massive resonance X?tt?
Top spin Tests of NLO kinematics
Precision measurement of top quark mass 30
improvement in 2005!
Search for Single Top Quark Production
34
Top Quark MassReconstruction
e/µ

• Kinematic fit to top pair production and decay
  hypothesis
• Obtain improved resolution on reconstructed top
  mass
• Choose most consistent solution for t?jjb and
  t?l?b
• 24 possibilities for 0 b-tags
• 12 possibilities for 1 b-tag
• 4 possibilities for 2 b-tags
• Fit data to reconstructed top mass distributions
  from MC
• Need excellent calibration of jet energy between
  data and MC!
• 3 systematic uncertainty on jet energy scale
  gives 3 GeV/c2 systematic uncertainty on top
  quark mass

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Top Quark Mass in situ jet energy calibration

• New for 2005! Simultaneous fit of invariant mass
  of jets from W?jj in leptonjets data
• Determine global jet energy correction factor
• Use to correct energy of all jets
• Uncertainty dominated by data W?jj statistics
• Will decrease lt1 GeV/c2 with more data!

(-9) (-3) (3) (9)
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CDF Top Mass Measurement LeptonJets

• Simultaneous fit of reconstructed top mass and
  W?jj mass
• Include Gaussian constraint on jet energy scale
  from a priori determination
• Best single measurement! Better than previous Run
  I CDFD0 average!

PRL accepted! PRL hep-ex/0510049 PRD
hep-ex/0510048
CDF Run II L 320pb-1

• Correction approx. -0.3
• Uncertainty 20 smaller

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D0 Top Mass Measurement LeptonJets
Check apply JES and fit

• LO Matrix element technique of Run I
• Exactly 4 observed jets (150 events, 325 top)
• Use LO Matrix element for ttbar and Wjets
• Weight all 24 possible solutions (no b-tagging)
• New for 2005 W?jj jet energy calibration
• Fit jet energy scale as well as top mass
• No a priori jet energy determination

• Correction 3.4
• Uncertainty 3.4

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Tevatron Top Quark Mass
First application of matrix element technique to
dilepton channel 20 improvement over previous
techniques!
Now final 173.5 3.9
Tevatron Run-I/II Summer 2005
172.7 2.9
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Bright Future with Inverse Femtobarns!

• CDFD0 will achieve 2.5 GeV/c2 in 2006! Will
  reach 1.5 GeV/c with 4 fb-1 base!
• Shown is only leptonjets channel with W?jj jet
  energy calibration
• Conservative estimate of other systematics, will
  get smarter with more data!

Run II Goal

• Quantum loops make W mass sensitive to top and
  Higgs mass
• Recent theoretical calculation of full two-loop
  electroweak corrections
• Precise prediction of W mass in standard model
  limited by uncertainty on experimental
  measurement of top mass

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Test of Standard Model
Impact of CDFD0 Top Quark Mass 172.7 2.9 GeV
future CDFD0 (4 fb-1)
Good agreement between direct measurements and
indirect SM prediction
lt219 GeV with LEP Excluded
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Conclusions

• Observed top quark consistent
• with standard model
• so far
• Achieved
• 1.7 precision
• top quark mass measurement
• Future is bright!
• Excellent performance of Tevatron CDF D0
• delivering high statistics samples of top quarks
• Watch out for interesting results with 0.7 fb-1
• at Moriond 2006!

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Read all about it!

• CDF Top Quark Physics Public web page
• 14 papers in last 2 years!

• Top Quark Mass
• Precision Top Quark Mass Measurement in the
  Lepton Jets Topology in ppbar Collisions at
  sqrt(s) 1.96 TeV Submitted to Phys. Rev. Lett.
  October 18, 2005. Accepted! CDF
  preprint hep-ex/0510049
• Top Quark Mass Measurement Using the Template
  Method in the Lepton Jets Channel at CDF II
  Submitted to Phys. Rev. D October 18, 2005. CDF
  preprint hep-ex/0510048.
• Determination of the Jet Energy Scale at the
  Collider Detector at Fermilab Submitted to Nucl.
  Instr. Meth. A October 18 2005. A. Bhatti et
  al.hep-ex/0510047.
• Top Pair Production Cross-section
• Measurement of the ttbar Production Cross Section
  in ppbar Collisions at sqrt(s) 1.96 TeV using
  Dilepton Events Submitted 04/27/04, accepted
  August 2004 Phys. Rev. Lett. 93, 142001 (2004)
  and CDF preprint
• Measurement of the ttbar Production Cross Section
  in ppbar Collisions at sqrt(s) 1.96 TeV using
  Lepton Jets Events with Secondary Vertex
  b-tagging Submitted 10/14/04, accepted March
  2005 Phys. Rev. D71, 052003 (2005) and CDF
  preprint
• Measurement of the ttbar Production Cross Section
  in ppbar Collisions at sqrt(s) 1.96 TeV using
  Kinematic Fitting of b-tagged Lepton Jet Events
  Submitted 09/09/04, accepted April 2005 Phys.
  Rev. D71, 072005 (2005) and CDF preprint
• Measurement of the ttbar Production Cross Section
  in ppbar Collisions using the Kinematics of
  LeptonJet Events Submitted 04/27/05, accepted
  August 2005 Phys. Rev. D72, 052003 (2005) and
  CDF preprint
• Measurement of the tt-bar Production Cross
  Section in ppbar Collisions at sqrt(s) 1.96 TeV
  Using Lepton Plus Jets Events with Semileptonic B
  Decays to Muons Submitted 06/01/05, accepted
  July 2005. Phys. Rev. D 72, 032002 (2005) and
  CDF preprint

• Search for Single Top Production
• Search for electroweak single top quark
  production in ppbar collisions at sqrt(s)1.96
  TeV Submitted 10/20/04, accepted January 2005
  Phys. Rev. D, 71 012005 (2005) and CDF preprint
• Top Properties
• Search for Anomalous Kinematics in ttbar Dilepton
  Events at CDF II Submitted 12/10/04, accepted
  June 2005. Phys. Rev. Lett. 95, 022001 (2005)
  and CDF preprint
• Measurement of B(t --gt Wb)/B(t --gt Wq) at the
  Collider Detector at Fermilab Submitted
  05/27/05, accepted July 2005. Phys. Rev. Lett.
  95, 102003 (2005) and CDF preprint.
• A Search for t --gt tau nu q in ttbar Production
  Submitted to Phys. Rev. Lett. October 24, 2005.
  CDF preprint
  hep-ex/0510063.
• Search for Charged Higgs Bosons from Top Quark
  Decays in ppbarCollisions at sqrt(s) 1.96 TeV
  Submitted to Phys. Rev. Lett. October 24, 2005.
  Accepted!CDF preprint hep-ex/0510065 .
• Measurement of the Helicity of W Bosons in
  Top-Quark Decays Submitted to Phys. Rev. Lett.
  November 8, 2005. CDF preprint hep-ex/0511023 .

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Dilepton

• 2 isolated electrons/muons pTgt15 GeV/c
• At least 2 jets pTgt20 GeV/c
• Reduce backgrounds
• Z/??ee with MET and sphericity
• Z/??µµ with MET and ?2 consistency with Z mass
• Z/??tt?e?e?tµ?µ?t with SpT of jets and leading
  lepton
• Instrumental with multivariate likelihood
  electron id in ee channel

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LeptonJets with b-tagging
Single tag Nbtag1
Double tag Nbtags2
45
All-hadronic

• At least 6 jets with pTgt15 GeV/c
• Reduce huge background from QCD processes at a
  hadron collider!
• At least one b-tag
• Combine kinematic observables in artificial
  neural network
• Require NNgt0.9

46
Does something new produce ttbar?

• Search for new massive resonance decaying to top
  pairs
• Lepton4 jets with 1 b-tags
• Kinematic fit to ttbar hypothesis to improve
  experimental resolution on invariant mass of
  ttbar system
• Fix SM backgrounds to expected rate
• Use theory prediction of 6.7pb for SM top pair
  production

Interpret in terms of one of many possible
models topcolor assisted technicolor Z