Dont forget to return your Lab Safety Contracts signed by yourself and a parent or guardian as soon

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Dont forget to return your Lab Safety
Contracts signed by yourself and a parent or
guardian as soon as possible.
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Chemistry

• -the study of matter, its properties, and the
  changes it undergoes.

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matter

• Anything that has mass and takes up space
• Three types
• Pure substances
• Elements
• Compounds
• Mixtures

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properties

• The characteristics that describe or help
  identify a substance
• Can be chemical or physical

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Chemical properties

• Describe how a substance reacts chemically
• Examples
• Combustibility
• Rusting (oxidation)
• Reaction with an acid

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Chemical properties

• Key idea
• Chemical properties can only be observed by
  changing the substance into a new, different
  substance

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Physical properties

• Describe the appearance of a substance
• Can be observed without changing the substance
  into a new, different substance

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• Intensive physical properties
• Do not depend on the sample size
• examples temperature, density, color,
  solubility, physical state, melting/boiling point
• Extensive physical properties
• are sample size dependent
• examples mass, volume, size

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Physical properties - examples

• Melting point
• Boiling point
• Physical state
• Solid
• Liquid
• Gas
• solubility

• Color
• Odor
• Size
• Mass
• Weight
• density

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Chemistry is the study of

• Matter, its properties, and the
• Changes it undergoes
• There are two types of changes
• Chemical
• physical

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Chemical changes

• Result in the formation of new substances
• Examples
• Elements compounds
• Burning, oxidation, acid reactions

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Chemical changes Indicators

• Changes in color
• Changes in odor
• New physical state formed (not just melting or
  freezing)
• New solid precipitation
• Bubbles new gas being evolved
• Change in temperature without using outside
  mechanism (burner, freezer)

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Reaction Notation

• Reactants ? Products
• physical state often indicated
• (s) solid
• (l) liquid
• (g) gas
• (aq) aqueous - dissolved in water

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Physical changes

• Do not result in the formation of a new,
  different substance
• Changes of physical state are physical changes
• Example paper changes

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elements

• Matter that cannot be broken down into simpler
  substances by ordinary chemical means
• Example Lego blocks

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elements

• There are 112 known
• There are 92 naturally occurring
• All have unique name and symbol
• 1 letter capitol
• 2 letters cap w/ lower case
• ex B, C, Ca, Na

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Some element names and symbols do not match -
Latin names

• Na sodium
• Latin natrium
• K potassium
• Latin kalium
• Au gold
• Latin aurum

• Ag silver
• Latin argentum
• Hg mercury
• Latin hydrargentum
• Fe iron
• Latin ferrum

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Some element names and symbols do not match -
Latin names

• Pb lead
• Latin plumbum
• Sn tin
• Latin stannum
• Cu copper
• Latin cuprum

• Sb antimony
• other stibnium
• W tungsten
• Swedish wolfram

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Chemistry

• The study of matter, its properties, and the
  changes it undergoes.

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compound

• A substance made of two or more elements
  chemically combined
• The properties of a compound are different than
  the properties of the elements that make up the
  compound

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mixtures

• Elements and compounds blended together, but not
  chemically combined
• The chemical properties of the substances do not
  change
• No new substances are produced

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Types of mixtures

• Determined by how well the substances are mixed
  together
• Homogeneous mixtures
• Uniform throughout
• Heterogeneous mixtures
• Non-uniform

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Separation of matter

• How would you separate a mixture of sand, salt,
  and water?
• Filter out sand
• Boil off water, condense vapors back to liquid
  state

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Matter flowchart
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energy

• The ability to do work
• Work Force x distance in the direction of the
  force

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Forms of energy

• Nuclear
• Electrical
• Solar (light)
• Chemical
• Heat
• mechanical

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Types of energy

• Potential
• Due to position or composition
• Ex chemical
• Kinetic
• Due to motion
• Ex heat

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What is the connection?

• E mc2
• E energy
• m mass

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Science is a Process

• Science is more a way of doing things or solving
  problems than a collection of equations or ideas.
• Pure Science
• is concerned with making discoveries
• Applied Science
• uses the discoveries to make new products or
  procedures

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The Scientific Method

• a systematic method of finding the answer to a
  question or a problem
• not just used by scientists

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1. State the problem

• lends direction to the problem solving
• provides a way to tell if the problem has been
  solved

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2. Conduct Research

• gather as much information as possible beforehand
• what is already known?

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3. Form a Hypothesis

• Make an educated guess as to the what or why of
  the problem

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4. Conduct an Experiment

• test the hypothesis
• one or more conditions should be controlled
• held the same in all tests
• only test one variable at a time

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5. Analyze the results

• look at the data or observations collected during
  the experiment

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6. Make a conclusion

• does the data fit the hypothesis?
• yes? hypothesis was correct
• no? modify the hypothesis and retest

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The short form

• state problem
• look
• guess
• test
• check
• make conclusion

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Observations

• What, not Why
• Simply a record of what was observed

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Conclusions

• Why, not What
• A statement of the cause behind the event

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Theory

• an explanation of how or why that has been
  successfully tested
• can never be proven, are accepted as true
• provide predictive powers

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Law

• a summary of the results of many observations or
  experiments
• describes what, doesnt explain how or why
• often math equations

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Branches of Chemistry

• Organic
• Inorganic
• Analytical
• Physical
• Biochemisty
• Nuclear

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Chemistry

• The study of matter, its properties, and the
  changes it undergoes.

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Lab Report

• a summary of the results of your observations or
  experiments
• May be formal or informal

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Informal Lab Report

• The exact requirements vary from lab to lab
• Often, a simple tabulation of your results with
  your calculations
• Must be neat and orderly

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Formal Lab Report

• More complete, with expected sequence of text
• Third person
• All calculations shown
• Data represented in table form, as well as graphs
  or diagrams when appropriate

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Formal Lab Report

• Purpose/hypothesis
• Materials
• Procedure
• Results
• Observations, data, calculations
• Conclusion