Baseline instruments for the GOES-R series: Providing major improvements to hurricane observations

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Baseline instruments for the GOES-R series
Providing major improvements to hurricane
observations

• Thomas M. Renkevens, James J. Gurka NOAA/NESDIS
  GOES-R Program Office
• Timothy J. Schmit, Mark DeMaria NOAA/NESDIS
  Center for SaTellite Applications (STAR)
• and thanks to many others
• contact information Thomas.Renkevens_at_noaa.gov
  
• 61st Interdepartmental Hurricane Conference (IHC)
• New Orleans, LA
• Tuesday, March 6, 2007

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Why the Nation Needs GOES
. . . Sustained Observations of the Atmosphere,
Oceans, Land and Sun
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GOES Constellation
Primary Requirement Continuity of Capability
N
GOES-11 135 West
GOES-12 75 West
Subsatellite Point
Equator
22,300 Mi
GOES-13 105 West (Spare)
S
Two operational satellites and on-orbit spare

• GOES I-M (8-12) series operational since 1994
• GOES-10 operational at 60º W in support of South
  America beginning December 2, 2006
• GOES-11 operational as GOES West beginning June
  21, 2006
• GOES-12 operational as GOES East beginning April
  1, 2003
• GOES N-P
• GOES-13 launched May 24, 2006, storage at 105º W,
  on-orbit spare as of January 5, 2007
• GOES-O in ground storage
• GOES-P in factory testing phase
• GOES-R series will replace the GOES-N series no
  earlier than 2014
• Note Satellites are labeled with letters on
  the ground and changed to numbers on-orbit

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GOES-R Series Status

• Improvements over current capabilities
• Imager (ABI)
• Better resolution (4X), faster coverage (5X),
  more bands (3X) and more coverage simultaneously
• Lightning detection (GLM)
• Continuous coverage of total lightning flash rate
  over land and water
• Solar/Space Monitoring (SIS / SEISS)
• Better Imager (UV over X-Ray)
• Better Heavy Ion detection, adds low energy
  electrons and protons
• Auxiliary Services
• Higher Data Rates for Environmental Data Relay
• Continued Search and Rescue

• GOES-R
• GOES-R series being developed to replace GOES-N
  series.
• First launch planned no earlier than 2014
• Significant improvement in technology over GOES-I
  and GOES-N series
• Includes a consolidated backup site

GOES-R Contractors System Program Definition and
Risk Reduction(PDRR) Boeing, Lockheed
Martin, Northrop Grumman

• Current Improvement with GOES-13
• Improved Radiometrics
• Improved Navigation
• Operates through Eclipse

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Continuity of GOES Operational Satellite Program
CY
GOES West
GOES 11
GOES East
GOES 12
GOES O
GOES R
GOES S
Satellite is operational beyond design life
On-orbit GOES storage
Operational
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Instruments

• Advanced Baseline Imager (ABI)
• Space Environmental In-Situ Suite (SEISS)
• Solar Imaging Suite (SIS)
• SUVI Solar Ultra Violet Imager
• EXIS Extreme Ultra Violet Sensor/X-Ray Sensor
  Irradiance Sensors
• Geostationary Lightning Mapper (GLM)

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ABI Improvements
5 Minute Coverage
ABI covers the earth approximately five times
faster than the current Imager.
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ABI Improved Resolution . . .
Corresponding Simulated GOES Imager Spectral
Bands
. . . over a wider spectrum
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Space Weather Instruments

• GOES-R Space Weather Instruments
• Space Environmental In Situ Suite (SEISS)
• provides charged particle population measurements
  including proton, electron, and heavy ion fluxes
• contribute to the global observations used in
  NOAA's Space Weather Operations to continuously
  specify and forecast conditions in the space
  environment
• Solar Imaging Suite (SIS)
• Solar X-ray flux magnitude solar EUV flux from
  5 to 129 nm coronal holes locations solar
  flares coronal mass ejections
• Magnetometer
• GOES-R Improvements
• Solar X-ray image dynamic range, resolution, and
  sensitivity
• EUV measurements for improved modeling of
  ionosphere and thermosphere
• Medium energy radiation environment responsible
  for spacecraft charging

Simulated SXI (Solar X-ray Imager) images  GOES
R will produce multi-band "color" images at the
same rate as GOES N/P produces single band
images. (Images from NGDC website
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Geostationary Lightning Mapper (GLM)

• Mission Objectives
• Provide continuous full-disk lightning
  measurements for storm warning and nowcasting
• Provide longer warnings of tornado activity
• Accumulate a long-term database to track decadal
  changes in lightning activity
• Full Disk Coverage
• Detects Total Strikes
• In Cloud, Cloud To Cloud, And Cloud To Ground
• Compliments Todays Land Based Systems that only
  measures cloud to ground (about 15 of the total
  lightning)
• Increased Coverage Over Oceans And Land
• Currently No Ocean Coverage, And
• Limited Land Coverage In Dead Zones
• Selected Requirements
• Flash POD 70 threshold at EOL (99 goal)

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Continuous GEO Total Lightning will identity
severe storm potential
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Auxiliary Services
Additional capabilities include an improved user
services, such as GOES-R ReBroadcast (GRB),
Search and Rescue (SAR), Data Collection System
(DCS), Emergency Managers Weather Information
Network (EMWIN) and Low Rate Information
Transmission (LRIT).
More than one-half of the currently operating
streamflow stations have equipment that permits
immediate transmission of data by means of
satellite from the data-collection site. By using
the telemetry, data are transmitted around the
clock by means of two geostationary operations
environmental satellites (GOES).
http//water.usgs.gov/nsip/ http//pubs.usgs.gov/c
irc/circ1123/collection.htmlHDR12
Cougar Ace incident off of Alaska (24 rescued)
was detected by GOES-11 at 830z (and NOAA-17 at
831z while it was within view of Hawaii). Figure
courtesy of Thomas.M.Wrublewski.
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Sounder Status

• Hyperspectral Environmental Suite was de-scoped
  from GOES-R last summer
• NOAA is evaluating how to meet continuity
  requirements for sounding products
• Final decision will be part of GOES-R Key
  Decision Point C/D planned for Summer 2007
• Office of Satellite Development recently worked
  an Analysis of Alternatives for Advanced Sounder
  and Coastal Waters capability and performing
  report

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The Advanced Baseline Imager
ABI Current Spectral
Coverage 16 bands 5 bands Spatial
resolution 0.64 mm Visible 0.5 km
Approx. 1 km Other Visible/near-IR 1.0
km n/a Bands (gt2 mm) 2 km Approx. 4
km Spatial coverage Full disk 4 per
hour Every 3 hours CONUS 12 per
hour 4 per hour Mesoscale Every 30
sec n/a Visible (reflective bands) On-orbit
calibration Yes No
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Approximate spectral and spatial resolutions of
US GOES Imagers
Band Center (um) GOES-6/7 GOES-8/11 GOES-12/13 GOES-O/P GOES-R
0.47
0.64 0.5
0.86
1.6
1.38
2.2 1
3.9
6.2
6.5/6.7/7 14km
7.3
8.5
9.7
10.35
11.2
12.3
13.3
Visible
Box size represents pixel size
Near-IR
8
4
2
MSI mode
Infrared
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Hurricane Alberto IR -Window 19 August 2000, 1415
UTC
GOES-8
Simulated ABI
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ABI scans about 5 times faster than the current
GOES imager
There are two anticipated scan modes for the
ABI - Full disk images every 15 minutes 5 min
CONUS images mesoscale. - Full disk every 5
minutes.
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ABI can offer Continental US images every 5
minutes for routine monitoring of a wide range of
events (storms, dust, clouds, fires, winds,
etc). This is every 15 or 30 minutes with the
current GOES in routine mode.
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Franklin
Mesoscale images every 30 seconds for rapidly
changing phenomena (thunderstorms, hurricanes,
fires, etc). Current GOES can not offer these
rapid scans while still scanning other important
regions
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Imager Coverage in 30 minutes
Current Imager (Rapid Scan mode) Future Imager (Flex mode)
Full Disk 0 2
Northern Hemi 1 -
CONUS 3 6
Mesoscale 0 60
Full Disk
N. Hemisphere
CONUS
Mesoscale
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One minute imaging over Florida
Ernesto
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Approximate temporal sampling from routine GOES
and ABI
Current GOES
ABI-like time resolution
Hurricane Isabel (Cat5) September 12th,
2003 1305 1445 UTC
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ABI Visible/Near-IR Bands
Schmit et al, 2005
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ABI IR Bands
Schmit et al, 2005
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While there are differences, there are also many
similarities for the spectral bands on MET-8 and
the Advanced Baseline Imager (ABI). Both the
MET-8 and ABI have many more bands than the
current operational GOES imagers.
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Similar bands on the GOES-12 Imager
Figure courtesy of M. Gunshor, CIMSS
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The additional bands on the Advanced Baseline
Imager (ABI) allow new or improved products
Heritage, clouds, etc
Cirrus Clouds
Aerosols
Vegetation
Snow, Cloud phase
Fog, Fires, clouds, etc
Particle size
Water Vapor
WV, Upper-level SO2
Vol. Ash, Cloud phase
Total Ozone
Water Vapor
Low-level Moisture
Surface features, clouds
Heritage, clouds, etc
Clouds
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GOES-R Observational Capabilities Requirements
Aerosol Detection
Dust/Aerosol Loading
Surface Albedo
Probability of Rainfall
Surface Emissivity
Aerosol Particle Size
Rainfall Potential
Suspended Matter / Optical Depth
Vegetation Fraction
Vegetation Index
Volcanic Ash Detection and Height
Rainfall Rate
Aircraft Icing Threat
Currents Offshore
Derived Stability Indices
Cloud Imagery
Total Precipitable Water
Sea Lake Ice Displacement Direction
Cloud Moisture Imagery
Total Water Content
Sea Lake Ice Age
Cloud Layers / Heights Thickness
Clear Sky Masks
Sea Lake Ice Concentration
Cloud Ice Water Path
Radiances
Sea Lake Ice Extent Characterization
Cloud Liquid Water
Absorbed Shortwave Radiation Surface
Sea Lake Ice Motion
Downward Longwave Radiation Surface
Cloud Optical Depth
Ice Cover / Landlocked
Downward Solar Insolation Surface
Cloud Particle Size Distribution
Snow Cover
Cloud Top Phase
Reflected Solar Insolation TOA
Snow Depth
Upward Longwave Radiation Surface
Cloud Top Height
Sea Surface Temps
Upward Longwave Radiation TOA
Cloud Top Pressure
Energetic Heavy Ions
Cloud Top Temperature
Ozone Total
Mag Electrons Protons Low Energy
SO2 Detection
Mag Electrons Protons Med High Energy
Cloud Type
Convection Initiation
Derived Motion Winds
Solar Galactic Protons
Fire / Hot Spot Imagery
Enhanced "V"/Overshooting Top Detection
Solar Flux EUV
Flood / Standing Water
Hurricane Intensity
Solar Flux X-Ray
Imagery All-Weather / Day - Night
Land Surface (Skin) Temperature
Solar Imagery X-Ray
Lightning Detection
Low Cloud Fog
Turbulence
Visibility
Geomagnetic Field
ABI Advanced Baseline Imager
Continuity of GOES Legacy Sounder Products from
ABI
SEISS Space Env. In-Situ Suite
SIS (SUVI EXIS) Solar Instrument Suite
GLM GOES Lightning Mapper
Magnetometer
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Dvorak Technique

• Tropical cyclones have characteristic evolutions
  of cloud patterns that correspond to stages of
  development and certain intensities

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Objective Dvorak Technique

• Automated pattern matching technique developed at
  the Cooperative Institute for Meteorological
  Satellite Studies at the University of Wisconsin
• Generally run on 30 min interval imagery
• Algorithm includes all the Dvorak technique cloud
  patterns and most of the rules
• Works best on TCs with eyes, but can be used on
  less-developed systems starting with disturbances
  

Katrina (2005)
Rita (2005)
http//cimss.ssec.wisc.edu/tropic/odt/
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Satellite-derived winds
Satellite-derived winds will be improved with the
ABI due to - higher spatial resolution (better
edge detection) - more frequent images (offers
different time intervals) - better cloud height
detection (with multiple bands) - new bands may
allow new wind products (1.38 ?m?) - better
NEdTs - better navigation/registration
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Aerosol/Dust Optical Thickness Retrieval Results
from SEVIRI_at_EUMETSAT
Figure courtesy of J. Li and P. Zhang
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Ozone Detection
Strong convection can result in "a local maximum
of total ozone in the core of hurricane, and a
ring of low level of total ozone surrounding the
hurricane.
Hurricane Erin September 2001
http//www.nasa.gov/vision/earth/environment/ozone
_drop.html
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Satellite-derived rainfall estimates
Satellite-derived precipitation estimates will be
improved for GOES-R - higher spatial resolution
(better depiction of cold cores) - more
frequent images (offers cell growth
information) - improved cloud height (with
multiple bands) - new ABI bands (phase
information, better cloud detection) - better
NEdTs - better navigation/registration
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Daily SST Movie Winter Feb - March 2006
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Summary
The ABI improves over the current GOES Imager
the spectral, temporal, spatial and radiometric
performance. The great amount of information
from the GOES-R will offer a continuation of
current products (precipitation, atmospheric
motion vectors, SST, radiances, hurricane
intensity, dust, fog, smoke, fires, clouds, etc)
and new products (upper-level SO2, vegetation,
cloud micro-physics, atmospheric waves, etc).
The GOES-R products, based on validated
requirements, will cover a wide range of
phenomena. This includes applications relating
to weather, ocean, land, climate, and hazards.
The Advanced Baseline Imager (ABI), along with
others on GOES-R the series will enable much
improved monitoring of Earth compared to current
capabilities.
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More information

• NOAA GOES-R page
• https//osd.goes.noaa.gov/
• Documentation from NASA
• http//goespoes.gsfc.nasa.gov/goesr_industry.htm
  
• Sample ABI dataset (from MODIS) page
• http//cimss.ssec.wisc.edu/goes/abi/bitdepth
  compression/
• ABI Research Home pages
• http//cimss.ssec.wisc.edu/goes/abi/
• AMS BAMS Article on the ABI (Aug. 2005)

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Katrina
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Rita
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Wilma
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