Title: EvidenceBased Medicine: Can It Work in the Real World
1Evidence-Based MedicineCan It Work in the Real
World?
- Mark C. Wilson, M.D., M.P.H.
- Wake Forest University School of Medicine
2- Where is the wisdom we have lost in knowledge,
- and where is the knowledge we have lost in
information. - T S Eliot
3Whats Irritating AboutEvidence-Based
Medicine?
4Why EBM Chafes
- Arrogant Posture
- to publish the gold that intellectually intense
processes will mine from the ore of 100 of the
worlds top journals - Elitism
- how dare you insinuate Im a bad doc
- Unfamiliar Trendy Terminology
- Threatens the Art of Medicine
- Best Evidence Frequently Incomplete/Contradictory
5Todays Road Map
- Evolution of EBM
- Patients Clarify EBMs Place
- EBM An Imperfect Label
- Attempts to Implement Evidence-Based Practice
- EBM as Added Value
6EBM Its a Paradigm Shift
- When defects in an existing paradigm accumulate
to the extent that the paradigm is no longer
tenable, the paradigm is challenged and replaced
by a new way of looking at the world - A new paradigm for medical practice is emerging
- Evidence-based medicine requires new skills of
the physician - JAMA 1992 2682420-5
7Evidence Based Medicine
- Clinical intuition, unsystematic experience,
pathophysiologic rationale
Evidence from clinical research
8Reason for Healthy Skepticism
9Users Guides Series in JAMAEvidence-Based
Medicine Working Group
- Are the Results Valid?
- Are the Results Important?
- Will the Results Help Me Care for My Patients?
10Irreverent EBM Descriptors
11EBM A Hierarchy of Evidence
- N-of-1 Trials
- Meta-Analysis of Homogeneous RCTs
- Single RCT
- Cohort Study
- Case-Control Study
- Case Series
- Individual Clinical Experience
12Remember ...
- Whenever You Get Confused,
- Start Back with the Patient
13Patients with New Proximal DVTs
- What Are Your Current Practice Patterns
- or the Predominate Patterns at Your Various
Sites?
14Ahh The Best Evidence
- RCT at 15 Centers in Canada
- 500 patients with acute proximal DVT
- Enoxaparin 1mg/kg SQ bid versus Standard
continuous heparin infusion - Equal rates of recurrent VTE (5-6) and major
bleeding rare (1-2) - 50 of LMWH group never hospitalized
- Levine, et al. NEJM 1996 334677-81
15How Would You Treat These Patients With Newly
Diagnosed DVT?
- 43 y/o truck driver whose husband is a nurse
- 68 y/o man 3 weeks s/p TKR who was participating
in rehab program 3X/week - 75 y/o woman with metastatic ovarian cancer who
is non-communicative after CVA 2 yrs ago and has
no advance directives
16So We Discovered That ...
- Evidence Alone
- Never
- Makes Clinical Decisions
17Determinants of Decision-Making
- Evidence
- clinical evidence from patient
- external evidence ... the best available
- systematic research
- pathophysiology
- local experts
- Values
- your patients
- your own
18Lots of Decisions Are Lacedwith Uncertainty ...
19EBM What it is
- Evidence-Based Medicine is the conscientious,
explicit, and judicious use of current best
evidence in making decisions about the care of
individual patients. - Practice of evidence-based medicine means
integrating individual clinical expertise with
the best available external clinical evidence
from systematic research. - EBM What it is and what it isnt. Br Med J
1996 31271-72
20EBM What it is
- Evidence-Based Medicine is the conscientious,
explicit, and judicious use of current best
evidence in making decisions about the care of
individual patients. - Practice of evidence-based medicine means
integrating individual clinical expertise with
the best available external clinical evidence
from systematic research. - EBM What it is and what it isnt. Br Med J
1996 31271-72
21EBM What it is
- Evidence-Based Medicine is the conscientious,
explicit, and judicious use of current best
evidence in making decisions about the care of
individual patients. - Practice of evidence-based medicine means
integrating individual clinical expertise with
the best available external clinical evidence
from systematic research. - EBM What it is and what it isnt. Br Med J
1996 31271-72
22EBM What it is
- Evidence-Based Medicine is the conscientious,
explicit, and judicious use of current best
evidence in making decisions about the care of
individual patients. - Practice of evidence-based medicine means
integrating individual clinical expertise with
the best available external clinical evidence
from systematic research. - EBM What it is and what it isnt. Br Med J
1996 31271-72
23Problems in the Evidence of EBM
- Major Constraints in Best Available Evidence to
Help Care for Individual Patients - Implying that a Specific Collection of Evidence
is the Best Available Sets Stage for Abuses by
Guideline Makers and Health Systems - EBM Places Excess Emphasis on Gathering RCTs and
Doing Meta-analyses - EBM Advocates De-emphasize Soft Data
- Feinstein, Am J Med 1997 103529-35
24Is Life Too Short For EBM?
- YES!
- Excessively Emphasizes Biomedical Model of
Decision-Making - Insufficient to Explain All that Occurs in a
Doctor-Patient Relationship - Editorial, Internal Medicine News, 10/98
25Is Life Too Short For EBM?
- NO!
- Its Empowering
- Its a Challenging Form of Self-Directed Learning
- Its Fun
- Editorial, Internal Medicine News 10/98
26Perhaps EBM is a Concept or Paradigm with an
Imperfect Label
- Consider the Perspectives of the 3 Blind Men
Encountering the Elephant of Individualized
Clinical Decision Making - Theres No Better Name at Present
- So we should just get on with our work of
seeking to integrate external evidence with our
other professional tools
27EBM Attempts to
- Inspire Us to Conscientiously Pursue Best
Available Evidence - Help Us Explicitly Acknowledge the Strengths
Limitations of Evidence that Influence Our
Decisions - Motivate Us to Tackle the Difficult Judgements
for Individual Patients that We Must Make - Empower Us to Keep Up-to-Date and Maintain Our
Autonomy
28Much Work Still to Do
- EBM is Still in its Infancy
- EBM is Not a Panacea
-
29Much Work Still to Do
- EBM is Still in its Infancy
- EBM is Not a Panacea
- But the process of EBM is quite appealing on
multiple levels
30Evidence-Based Health Care
Best External Evidence
Patient Preferences
Flexible Management Strategies
Establishing Effective Physician-Patient Communica
tion
Patients Clinical Problems
Co-Morbidities
Social Support
31Is Evidence-Based Practice Advantageous for
Healthcare Systems?
- Implementation of Clinical Practice Guidelines
- Systematic Review of CPGs (n13) Did Not Improve
Patient Outcomes in Primary Care - Worrall, CMAJ 1997 1561705-12
- Nonrandomized Multicenter Intervention Study of
CPGs for Hip/Knee Surgery Can Decrease L.O.S. - Weingarten, Am J Med 1998 10533-40
32Is Evidence-Based Practice Advantageous for
Healthcare Systems?
- Implementation of Disease Management
- Emergence of Evidence-Based Disease Management
Lingo Cites a Few Cost Triumphs - Ellrodt, JAMA 1997 2781687-92
- Recently Implemented Disease Management Model for
Pediatric Asthma in Atlanta - Richman, Pediatric Annals 1998 27563-8
33Assessing the Impact of CQI on Practice
- Systematic Review of Literature (1991-97)
- Settings Inpatient (44) gt Outpatient (11)
- Single-Site (42) gt Multi-Site (13)
- Problems Addressed
- Misuse (30) gt Overuse (15) gt Underuse
- Study Design
- Pre/post Observation (52) most pos.
- Randomized Trial (3) all neg.
- Shortell, Milbank Quarterly 1998 76593-624
34EBM as Added Value forYour Clinicians
- Provide Them with Capacity for Just-in-Time
Informatics - Cultivate the EBM Skills of Local Opinion Leaders
- Focus clear clinical questions
- Efficiently search for evidence
- Critically appraise evidence
- Make judgements about applicability
- When Ready to Launch CQI, Consider Choosing an
Issue that Addresses a Problem of Underuse - Gain credibility for the process
- Avoid perception of only a cost-control activity
35-
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- Where is the wisdom we have lost in knowledge,
and where is the knowledge we have lost in
information. - T S Eliot
36EBM Will It Really Ever Matter?