Newspapers

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Newspapers
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Colonial American Press Era1690-1780

• Elite Stage of EPS Cycle
• Carried foreign news, official information, royal
  proclamations and local news. Still subject to
  the crown, but rarely enforced. Local governors
  censored the newspapers into the 18th Century.
• Authoritarian Theory

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Authoritarian Theory

• Dates back to the 16th Century
• Purpose is to protect the government and churches
  from the press.
• The government looked at it as a way to UNIFY the
  community and to CONTROL the Press.
• In most cases, the publishers were the
  government. If newspapers were distributed
  without permission, it was considered treason.
• We call it CONTROL. They called it UNIFICATION.

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Governor of Virginia Colonies - 1641

• I thank God, that we have not free schools, nor
  free printing and I hope that we shall not have
  them for a hundred of years. For learning has
  brought disobedience and hearsay into the world
  and printing has divulged and libeled them
  against the government. God keep us from them
  all.

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Benjamin Harris

• Boston - 1690
• Publick Occurrences, Both Foreign Domestick
• Came to America to flee the constraints of
  England. He offended the King of France by
  saying that the King was having an affair with
  his sons wife. But in the colonies, just like
  in England, his newspaper still needed consent of
  the crown.

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Boston Newsletter

• 1704
• John Campbell Postmaster General
• The audience was the educated Elite
• Supported by the government, therefore had more
  editorial freedom.

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William Bradford

• 1719
• First Colonial Printing Press
• First Paper Mill in USA
• 1725 Founded the New York Gazette
• I hope that the General Assembly will find some
  effectual remedy to revive the dying credit of
  the Province, and restore us to our happy
  circumstances.

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Benjamin Franklin

• 1721 New England Courant
• 1729 Pennsylvania Gazette
• First to provide ad space
• First to lead editorial independence
• Supported paper through selling printing
  supplies.

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Benjamin Franklin

• Invented the Franklin Stove
• Established our laws of electricity
• Delivered the Bill of Rights to England.
• First Postmaster General
• First Police and Fire forces
• Founded University of Pennsylvania

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Peter Zenger

• 1733
• German Immigrant
• New York Weekly Journal
• Fought the courts based on TRUTH, LIBERTY, and
  the right to SPEAK AND WRITE THE TRUTH.
• First major victory for the Press.
• By 1765, the British Parliament imposed a tax on
  all legal documents, official papers, books and
  newspapers. All printing had to be done on
  taxed paper. Franklin was instrumental in getting
  this tax eliminated.

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Colonial Period Traditions of Today

• The news media, both print and broadcast, relish
  their independence from government control.
• The news media, especially print, actively try
  and mold government policy.
• Journalist are committed to the seeking the
  truth.
• The news media are economic entities that react
  in their own self-interest if their profit making
  ability is threatened.

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Partisan Period1776-1833

• Political Parties were formed.
• Branches of the Government were formed.
• The Alien Sedition Acts Supported by John
  Adams, president of the United States these acts
  restricted members of the press of criticizing
  the government, president and congress. Under
  these acts, 25 were brought to trial, and 10
  convicted.
• Jefferson banned this act when he was elected
  President in 1800 and pardoned the 10 convicted.

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Libertarian Theory

• Government should exist to solely serve the
  interest of the people. Therefore, the media
  should serve the PEOPLE and not the GOVERNMENT.
• James Madison said . Nothing could be more
  irrational than to give people power and then
  withhold information from them.

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Partisan Period Traditions of Today

• Government should keep its hands out of the press
  The first amendment.
• The news media are a forum for discussion and
  debate.
• The news media should comment vigorously on
  public issues.
• Government transgressions against the news media
  will ultimately be met by public rejection.

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Penny Press Era1833-1865

• Popular Stage of EPS Cycle
• Newspapers for the Common Man
• Industrial Revolution
• Technology
• Child Labor Laws
• Work Day is established
• More Leisure Time
• Education

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Benjamin Day

• 1833, at 22 founded and published the New York
  Sun, 1,000 copies at a penny each.
• Highlighted local events, scandals, and police
  reports. It also ran serialized stories making
  the legends Davy Crockett and Daniel Boone
  popular. He also blazed the trail for celebrity
  news.
• By 1836, circulation zoomed to 20,000.
• By 1838, circulation was more than the 11 other
  newspapers serving New York combined.
• First to use color
• Began the tradition of using Newsboys
• Used advertising as a way to pay the bills.

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James Gordon Bennett

• 1835- New York Morning Herald
• Aimed to free his newspaper from political
  parties. He wanted an independent paper serving
  the middle and working class readers
• Aggressive News Style. He had fast boats that
  would sail out to the ships and bring back the
  news before any other editor would have it. When
  the telegraph was invented, he had writers from
  around the world send in their articles. COVER
  THE CITY
• Developed the term, newsroom
• By 1860 had the worlds largest daily newspaper at
  80,000.

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Horace Greeley

• 1841 New York Tribune
• Influential Editor who separated news from
  editorials
• An crusader for the common man, he advocated the
  distribution of government land to settlers,
  fought for fair labor laws, denounced monopolies,
  stood up against corrupt corporations, opposed
  capital punishment, and fought for the end of
  slavery.

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News Wire Services

• 1848 Associated Press (AP)
• 1907 United Press formed by Scripps
• 1909 International News Service formed by Hearst
• 1958 United Press and International News Service
  merge to become United Press International
  (UPI)
• 1982 UPI sold to Media News Corp.
• 1989 UPI sold to Mexican Mafia
• 1993 UPI sold to Saudi Arabia
• 1999 UPI is sold to the Associated Press
• AP is largest American owned wire service
• Reuters is largest foreign owned wire service

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Penny Press Traditions of Today

• Pyramid Story Structure
• Coverage and writing style that appealed to a
  general audience.
• A commitment to social improvement, which
  included a willingness to crusade against
  corruption.
• Providing information to the people quickly.
• A detached, neutral perspective in reported
  events, a tradition fostered by the Associated
  Press, and often referred to as objective
  reporting (telling news without bias).

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Yellow Journalism Era1865- 1900

• Popular Stage of EPS Cycle
• End of the Civil War to the Turn of the Century
• Scandalous and Sensationalistic
• Money versus the need for information commonly
  known as The Circulation War.
• The Yellow Kid Comic Strip

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Joseph Pulitzer

• 1883 founded the New York World.
• Emphasized human interest, and crusaded for
  worthy causes. He was stickler for accuracy and
  fair reporting.
• He started the advice column and womens pages.
  This resulted in increased advertising
  opportunities with department stores and other
  shopping venues.
• He was the first to employ women as reporters
  Nellie Blye.
• Raised the funds for the ground in which the
  Statue of Liberty stands
• After his death the Columbia School for
  Journalism is founded and the Pulitzer Prize is
  created in his honor

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William Randolph Hearst

• Educated at Harvard
• Worked for Joseph Pulitzer at New York World
• San Francisco Examiner
• 1895 New York Journal
• Passion versus Greed
• Motto When the news didnt fit the mold he
  envisioned, he shaped it until it did.
• At one point he hired gangsters to distribute his
  newspapers.
• At the peak of his career, he had a hand in
  newspapers, radio stations, magazines, motion
  picture studios, and news syndicates.

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The War between Hearts and Pulitzer

• Hearst wanted to out-do Pulitzer and take over
  circulation control in New York.
• The Yellow Kid was a cartoon at the time and
  popular with readers. They fought for control,
  with both finally publishing the cartoon.
• At one point, they both printed anti-Spanish
  stories from Cuba, many of them trumped up. Some
  say that the public hysteria fueled by the
  feuding publishers helped begin the
  Spanish-American war, when a US Battleship
  exploded in a Havana harbor, both stated that it
  was a Spanish attach, when in fact historians say
  the explosion was an accident.

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Edward Scripps

• 1878 Cleveland Penny Press
• First Newspaper Chain running up to 35
  mass-audience papers in 15 states.
• Community Newspapers editors receiving 49 of
  the stock
• HIS GOAL Offer newspapers at a low price, be
  politically independent, pro-labor and written
  for the ordinary person.
• His portfolio includes television, newspapers,
  hospitals, and other philanthropic causes.

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20th Century Press1900 - Present

• Social Responsibility Theory
• Set the standard for objective, independent and
  responsible journalism.
• Schools in Journalism were created.
• Ethical Standards are developed

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20th Century Press / 1900 - Present

• Adolph Ochs - Believed in sticking to
  principles, regardless of the discomfort it might
  cause others.
• At age 11, worked as an office assistance at a
  newspaper in Tennessee. At age 19, he purchased
  the paper and became publisher. In 1896, at the
  age of 28, he bought the bankrupt New York Times.
  Pulitzer and Hearst has taken most of the
  leadership from the Times. He raised the price
  of the paper to 5 cents and announced that his
  paper wasnt going to sink to the levels of
  yellow journalism.
• In one year, circulation increased from 9,000 to
  780,000.
• He is considered to be the first publisher to
  prove that you can succeed in circulation, profit
  and journalistic responsibility.

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Social Responsibility Theory

• Complaints leading to the SR Theory
• The press gives their own opinions, especially
  when it comes to politics.
• The press allows big business and advertisers to
  control editorial content.
• The press is more entertaining than newsworthy
  and often lacks substance
• The press endangers public morals
• The press invades the policy of individuals
• The press is controlled by the business class.

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Social Responsibility Theory

• The press should
• Fulfill certain obligations to its communities
• Set standards of professionalism, truth, accuracy
  and objectivity
• Work within the framework of the law
• Avoid giving out information that might lead to
  crime, violence, or civil disorder.
• Represent the diversity of our culture and give
  various viewpoints.
• Pulitzer said Without high ethical ideals a
  newspaper not only is stripped of its splendid
  possibilities for public service, but also may
  become a positive danger to the community.

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USA Today

• Since its founding in 1982, USA Today has had a
  profound influence on establishing newspapers as
  a strong visual medium with color and graphics
  integrated with words. The newspapers weather
  coverage has also been imitated.
• Most sales comes from airports, hotels and places
  where travelers pick it up for a quick fix on the
  news.
• Guaranteed in every issue are at least a few
  sentences about whats happening in news and
  sports from every state in the Union.

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Wall Street Journal

• In 1882 Charles Dow and Edward Jones roamed the
  New York financial district for news, which they
  sent by courier to their clients. The service
  expanded into a newsletter.
• In 1889, the Wall Street was founded. By 1900,
  circulation reached 10,000 with coverage in
  Boston, Philadelphia and Washington. By 1940,
  the paper reached more than 30,000. Today with
  a daily circulation 1.8 million, the Journal is
  the second largest US Daily. USA Today is
  number one at 2.2 million.

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Challenges - Circulation

• Newspapers have consistently been the most
  profitable businesses of the 20th Century. Even
  with circulation slipping, down to 52.4 million
  from 62.8 million in 1988, the industry continues
  to be profitable. Most major chains, have
  reported operating profits in the 20 percent
  range.
• But in order to do so, reporting staffs have been
  trimmed, advertising rates have increased, paper
  quality and size has changed, and some print
  fewer pages.

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Challenges Sunday Edition

• Sunday editions have kept newspapers afloat for
  years because they were FAT with advertising. In
  fact, 40 of a daily newspapers revenue came from
  Sunday Editions.
• But in 2002, newspapers found that 73 of the
  readers over 65 read the Sunday paper, while only
  49 of readers 18-24 read it. In general, young
  people are not reading the newspapers as in years
  past.

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Challenges Marketing Databases

• With more and more people getting their news from
  online, a growing number of newspapers are
  requiring you to register. Access is free in
  exchange for personal information.
• While many newspapers web sites offer the same
  wide range coverage as the traditional print
  editions, many specialize in coverage for a
  particular audience. For instance, the Florida
  Today, out of Cocoa Beach, near Cape Canaveral,
  has saturation coverage of the nations space
  program.

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Elite and Popular Stage

• Elite
• Colonial American Press
• Partisan Period
• Popular
• Penny Press Era
• Yellow Journalism Era
• Social Responsibility Era

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Specialization

• Ethnic Publications
• Business Publications
• Web Site Access
• Graphics
• Sections

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Importance of Newspapers

• 1,570 daily newspapers put out 52.8 million
  copies a day, reaching 127 million per day (2.2
  per paper)
• Weekly newspapers put out 50 million copies,
  reaching about 200 million per week (4 per paper)
• The Los Angeles Times owned by the Chicago
  Tribune alone has a circulation of 1.3 million
  per day. It has 1300 editors, 22 foreign
  bureaus, and 13 US bureaus. 57 reporters alone
  cover the federal government.

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Media Literacy

• What percentage of the paper is news?
• What is the content?
• Does the newspaper have extensive local coverage
  or heavy on news wire stories
• What kind of staff?
• Does Management have a stake in the community, or
  does leadership rotate in and out.

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Problems

• Blaming the Messenger
• The Watchdog Function
• Bad News Only Myth
• Media Truth
• Bias

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Robert Kennedy Assassination
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Robert Kennedy Assassination
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Photo vs Graphic
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Warships await signal for attack - 1944
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Awaiting Escape in Germany - 1940
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Advertising - 1944
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Advertising - 1944
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Advertising - 1944
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Advertising - 1944
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Advertising - 1944
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Advertising - 1944
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Advertising - 1944
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Want Ads- 1944
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Want Ads - 1944
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Want Ads - 1944
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Want Ads - 1944
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Want Ads - 1944
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Want Ads - 1944
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Want Ads - 1944
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Want Ads - 1944
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