The Great Schism

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The Great Schism

• 800-1204

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'On the day called Sunday, all who live in
cities or in the country gather together to one
place, and the memoirs of the apostles or the
writings of the prophets are read, as long as
time permits then when the reader has ceased,
the presider verbally instructs, and exhorts to
the imitation of these good things. Then we all
rise together and pray, and, as we before said,
when our prayer is ended, bread and wine and
water are brought, and the president in like
manner offers prayers and thanksgivings,
according to his ability, and the people assent,
saying Amen and there is a distribution to each,
and a participation of that over which thanks
have been given, and to those who are absent a
portion is sent by the deacons. And they who are
well to do, and willing, give what each thinks
fit and what is collected is deposited with the
president, who gives assistance to the orphans
and widows, and those who, through sickness or
any other cause are in want, and those who are in
prison, and the strangers living among us, and in
a word takes care of all who are in need. But
Sunday is the day on which we all hold our common
assembly, because it is the first day on which
God, having wrought a change in the darkness and
matter, made the world and Jesus Christ our
Savior on the same day rose from the
dead. Justin Martyr, First Apology, 61.
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Justin Martyr (2d Century)
NT Reading OT Reading Sermon by the one presiding Prayers Kiss of Peace Presentation of bread and wine Great Thanksgiving Distribution of bread and wine Extended distribution to the absentby the deacons Sharing of resources and money
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Orthodox Liturgy

• Orthodox liturgy stresses beauty. Its liturgy
  seeks to perceive the beauty of the spiritual
  world in worship and express it through their
  worship. This seems to be a peculiar gift of the
  Orthodox to the Christian heritage, especially
  that of Byzantium and Russia.
• Orthodox liturgy stresses that worship is nothing
  less than heaven on earth. The holy liturgy
  embraces two worlds at oncethe liturgy of heaven
  and earth is the same. When the church gathers
  for Eucharist, it gathers with the whole church
  around the world in the heavenly places at the
  throne of God. The Liturgy of the Presanctified
  states at the time of the Great Entrance Now
  the celestial powers are present with us, and
  worship invisibly.
• Orthodox liturgy is primary in their faith and
  theology. Their approach to religion is primarily
  a liturgical or doxological onethe Orthodox
  understand doctrine in the context of worship.
  The church is first of all a worshipping
  community. Their invitation to the non-orthodox
  is to come and see. Consequently, ritual is
  extremely important for the Orthodox.

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Contrast East and West

• Vladimirs envoys reported We knew not whether
  we were in heaven or on earth, for surely there
  is no such splendor or beauty anywhere upon
  earth. We cannot describe it to you only this
  we know, that God dwells there among humans, and
  that their service surpasses the worship of all
  other places. For we cannot forget that beauty.
• In contrast, one Russian cleric responded to
  worship in 14th century Florence by the Roman
  church in this way What have you seen of worth
  among the Latins? They do not even know how to
  venerate the church of God. They raise their
  voices as the fools, and their singing is a
  discordant wail. They have no idea of beauty and
  reverence in worship, for they strike tombones,
  blow horns, use organs, wave their hands, trample
  with their feet, and do many other irreverent and
  disorderly things which bring joy to the devil.

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Various Liturgies

• St. Marks Liturgy the liturgy of the
  Alexandrian (Coptic) Church.
• St. James Liturgy the liturgy of the Syrian
  (Jacobite) Church.
• St. Gregorys Liturgy the liturgy of Rome in
  600 A.D., which is still accepted by Orthodox as
  a Western Rite.
• St. Chrysostoms Liturgy the primary liturgy of
  the Greek Orthodox Church and the basis of
  Slavonic liturgies.
• The Medieval Roman Mass it did not become a
  uniform liturgy until after the Council of Trent
  in the 1560s.

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Main Parts of the Liturgy

• Entrance (Gathering)
• Liturgy of the Word
• Reading (OT, Epistles, Gospel)
• Explaining (Homily)
• Prayers (Intercesions)
• Liturgy of the Table
• Offering (Preparatory)
• Consecrating (Prayer)
• Communing (Eating Drinking)
• Benediction

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Detailed Aspects of the Liturgy

• The Liturgy of the Word
• Gloria
• Collectprayers of the church
• Old Testament Readings (followed by Psalms)
• Readings from Epistles (followed by Psalms)
• Allelulia
• Gospel Readings
• Homily (Sermon)
• Nicene Creed
• (Dismissal of Catechumens)

• The Liturgy of the Table
• Kiss of Peace
• Offertory
• Prayer over the gifts
• Sanctus
• Words of Institution
• Anamnesis
• Epiclesis
• Intercessions
• Lords Prayer
• Fraction
• Giving of Bread and Wine
• Communion Song

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East and West 11th Century

• East
• A cappellaservice is chanted by choir
• Greek Cross Architecture
• Leavened Bread
• Iconostasis
• Mystical in Mood
• Surrounded by Icons

• West
• Instrumentaluse of choirs
• Roman Cross Architecture
• Unleavened Bread
• Altar (sanctuary) area
• Penitential in Mood
• Surrounded by Altars

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Table Difference

• Eastern
• Stressed a thanksgiving atmosphere in their
  Eucharist which served theosis, joy and heavenly
  presence. The table is more eschatologicalit is
  the present table of kingdom reality.

• Western
• Stressed the altar, sacrifice of Christ, and
  penitential dimension of the table. Medieval
  additions to the liturgy included Psalm 43
  preface, ablutions, Im not worthy priestly
  prayers, and singing Agnus Dei.

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Floor plan of Romanesque Church
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Romanesque Church
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Duomo and Bell Tower, Pisa, Italy
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The Pisa Cathedral (1063-1350) with Bell Tower
(1174-1271) and Baptistry (1153-1265).
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Building Churches

• Europe saw a church building craze in the High
  Medieval Period.
• In 1050-1350 France alone, 80 cathedrals, 500
  large churches and 10,000 parish churches were
  erected.
• As Germanic Europe became Christian Europe, the
  church building was a cultural as well as a
  religious symbol. Churches functioned as civic
  centers in the cities and thus were also a
  source of civic pride.

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Ralph Glaber, monk, ca. 1050

• Shortly after the year 1000, all Christian
  peoples were seized with a great desire to outdo
  one another in magnificence. It was as if the
  very world had shaken itself, and, casting off
  her old garments, was clothing herself everywhere
  in a white robe of churches.

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Romanesque Style

• Where Western Europe
• When 1000-1200
• Major Building Form Churches, Castles
• Plan cruciform (Latin Cross), compartmentalized
  on a basilica plan
• Support sturdy piers, thick walls with small
  windows
• Architectural Features rounded arches, barrel
  vault
• Décor stone sculpture

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Romanesque Style

• Effect Massive, segmented
• Interior dimly lit by small windows and
  candles/lamps around the altar.
• Inspiration Roman construction (basilica plan,
  rounded arches, vaulted ceilings, columns)
• Goal To accommodate pilgrims to express awe as
  eyes are drawn to the space above the ambulatory
  with small windows of light illuminating the
  altar.

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St. Andrews Church, Krakow (1079)
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St. Pantaleon, Cologne, Germany (1100)
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Roots of Division

• The linguistic, cultural and political roots are
  formative as East was divided from West. East
  and West were strangers to each otherthe unity
  of the early Roman world had gradually
  disappeared.
• Greek dismissed Franks as barbarians.
• Franks were suspicious of Greeks.
• The theological roots are primarily two
• Romes assertion of the primacy of Peter
• The addition of and the Son (filioque) to the
  Nicene Creed.

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The Struggle for Power in the West

• 800-1050 Kings, Emperors, and Lords ruled
  their territories relatively unencumbered by
  church authorities.
• 1050-1300 Papal authority asserted itself over
  the church and rulers alike.
• The medieval height of papal power was the 13th
  century (1200-1300).

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Hildebrand

• German monk
• Became Pope Gregory VII, 1073-1084
• Had been influential for many years before
• Believed Pope should be supreme power

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Three Significant Issues for Gregory VII

• Created College of Cardinals
• Issued Dictatus Papae
• Main issue Investiture Controversy

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Dictatus Papae

• 1. Roman Church has never erred, can never err
• 2. Pope supreme judge, may be judged by no one,
  no appeal from him
• 3. No synod a general one without his order
• 4. He may depose, transfer, reinstate a bishop
• 5. He alone is entitled to the homage of all
  princes
• 6. He alone may depose an emperor

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Investiture Controversy

• Who invests bishops with their authority?
• Pope or King?
• Kings demanded the right to invest because it was
  within their lands and the Bishops were usually
  landed people.
• Pope thought he alone should invest bishops with
  authority due to the nature of ordination.
• The controversy was primarily between the
  Germanic Holy Roman Emperors (Henry III, Henry IV
  and Henry V) and the Popes from 1060-1120.

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Controversy Resolved

• Papal Weapons
• Interdict
• Excommuication
• Inquisition
• Concordant of Worms (1122)
• Holy Roman Emperor could nominate bishops in his
  lands, but not in Italy.
• Bishops would swear oath of loyalty to Emperor
  because they owned lands there but would also
  answer to the Pope in spiritual matters.

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Innocent III (1198-1216)The Greatest of the
Papal Monarchs

• Ruled Papal lands
• Called the 4th and 5th Crusades.
• Used the Interdict 53 times.
• Named two Holy Roman Emperors (Otto IV and
  Frederick II)
• Excommunicated the King of France.
• Called the 4th Latern Council in 1215.

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The Fourth Latern Council, 1215

• Defined the Seven Sacraments of the Roman
  Catholic Church.
• Defined the doctrine of transubstantiation.
• Required annual confession, penance and Eucharist
  on Easter.
• Affirmed the one, universal church with the Roman
  Pope at the head of the church.
• Charged Cathedrals with providing theological
  education for clergy.
• Regulated the election of bishops and
  qualifications for clergy.
• Jews were excluded from public office and
  required to wear special identifying clothes.

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Theology of Latern Council

• The Father is from none, the Son from the Father
  alone, and the holy Spirit from both equally,
  eternally without beginning or end the Father
  generating, the Son being born, and the holy
  Spirit proceeding.
• Renewing the ancient privileges of the
  patriarchal sees, we decree, with the approval of
  this sacred universal synod, that after the Roman
  church, which through the Lord's disposition has
  a primacy of ordinary power over all other
  churches inasmuch as it is the mother and
  mistress of all Christ's faithful, the church of
  Constantinople shall have the first place, the
  church of Alexandria the second place, the church
  of Antioch the third place, and the church of
  Jerusalem the fourth place, each maintaining its
  own rank.

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Relation to Greeks at Latern

• For, after the Greek church together with
  certain associates and supporters withdrew from
  the obedience of the apostolic see, the Greeks
  began to detest the Latins so much that, among
  other wicked things which they committed out of
  contempt for them, when Latin priests celebrated
  on their altars they would not offer sacrifice on
  them until they had washed them, as if the altars
  had been defiled thereby. The Greeks even had the
  temerity to rebaptize those baptized by the
  Latins and some, as we are told, still do not
  fear to do this. Wishing therefore to remove such
  a great scandal from God's church, we strictly
  order, on the advice of this sacred council, that
  henceforth they do not presume to do such things
  but rather conform themselves like obedient sons
  to the holy Roman church, their mother, so that
  there may be one flock and one shepherd.

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Theodore Balsamon, Patriarch of Antioch in 1190

• For many years the western Church has been
  divided in spiritual communion from the other
  four Patiarchates and has become alien to the
  OrthodoxSo no Latin should be given communion
  unless he first declares that he will abstain
  from the doctrines and customs that separate him
  from us, and that he will be subject to the
  Canons of the Church in union with the Orthodox.

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Latern Council on Jews

• A difference of dress distinguishes Jews or
  Saracens from Christians in some provinces, but
  in others a certain confusion has developed so
  that they are indistinguishable. Whence it
  sometimes happens that by mistake Christians join
  with Jewish or Saracen women, and Jews or
  Saracens with christian women. In order that the
  offence of such a damnable mixing may not spread
  further, under the excuse of a mistake of this
  kind, we decree that such persons of either sex,
  in every Christian province and at all times, are
  to be distinguished in public from other people
  by the character of their dress
• It would be too absurd for a blasphemer of Christ
  to exercise power over Christians. We therefore
  renew in this canon, on account of the boldness
  of the offenders, what the council of Toledo
  providently decreed in this matter we forbid
  Jews to be appointed to public offices, since
  under cover of them they are very hostile to
  Christians.

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Pope Boniface VIII (1294-1303)

• I am Pope I am Ceasar.
• Wore imperial as well as papal robes.
• Opposed the taxation of clergy by the Kings of
  England and France.
• Issued the Papal Bull Unam Sanctam (1302)

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Unam Sanctam

• We are informed by the texts of the gospels that
  in this Church and in its power are two swords
  namely, the spiritual and the temporal. For when
  the Apostles say 'Behold, here are two swords'
  Lk 2238 that is to say, in the Church, since
  the Apostles were speaking, the Lord did not
  reply that there were too many, but sufficient.
  Certainly the one who denies that the temporal
  sword is in the power of Peter has not listened
  well to the word of the Lord commanding 'Put up
  thy sword into thy scabbard' Mt 2652. Both,
  therefore, are in the power of the Church, that
  is to say, the spiritual and the material sword,
  but the former is to be administered _for_ the
  Church but the latter by the Church the former
  in the hands of the priest the latter by the
  hands of kings and soldiers, but at the will and
  sufferance of the priest.

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Unam Sanctam

• However, one sword ought to be subordinated to
  the other and temporal authority, subjected to
  spiritual power. For since the Apostle said
  'There is no power except from God and the things
  that are, are ordained of God' Rom 131-2, but
  they would not be ordained if one sword were not
  subordinated to the other and if the inferior
  one, as it were, were not led upwards by the
  other.

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First Phase Photius Episode (858-879)

• The Orthodox Church calls him Saint Photius the
  Greatthe new Patriarch of Constantinople in 858
  (who could not read Latin and almost no one in
  the West could read Greeka signal of how
  culturally distinct East and West were).
• Photius was a lay person rather than a priest and
  thought to be the most educated and brilliant of
  all the medieval Patriarchs.
• However, the previous Patriarch, Saint Ignatius,
  had resigned under imperial pressure.
• Before recognizing Photius, Pope Nicholas I
  (858-867) decided to investigate the situation
  and sent legates to Constantinople in 861.
• Photius invited the legates to preside at a
  council to decide the issue and the sided with
  Photius.

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Tension Arises

• Nicholas decided the legates had exceeded their
  authority and retried the case in Rome during 863
  and decided that Ignatius was the true Patriarch.
• The Orthodox church ignored Nicholas.
• The incident reveals the continual struggle of
  Papal claims Nicholas wrote in 865 that his
  authority extends over all the earth, that is
  over every church.
• But this is exactly what the Byzantines would not
  grant.

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Jurisdiction Fight

• The Orthodox recognized appeals to Rome, but only
  under the specific conditions of the Council of
  Sardica (343).
• Sardica decreed that a condemned bishop can
  appeal to Rome and the Pope can order a retrial,
  but the trial must be conducted by bishops of an
  adjacent province.
• Consequently, the Byzantines ignored Nicholas
  insistence on the implementation of the Popes
  decision in Rome.

42
Missionary Conflict

• Both Byzantine and the west (Germans) were
  involved in missionary activity among the Slavs.
• This missionary clash raised the issue of
  filioque which was in the German (Frankish) creed
  as well their differences over married clergy
  among other things.
• When Khan Boris of Bulgaria was refused autonomy
  for his national church, he sought out the West.
• Photius wrote an Encyclical Letter to all the
  Patriarchs of the east denouncing filioque and
  declared it heretical.
• Photius declared that the Spirit proceeds from
  the Father alone.

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Excommunication

• Photius called a council at Constantinople (867)
  and excommunicated Nicholas as a heretic who
  ravages the vineyard of the Lord.
• As a result, the Emperor deposed Photius and
  reinstated Ignatius who restored communion with
  Rome and hosted a council that condemned Photius
  (869-870).
• The West later recognized this council as the 8th
  Ecumenical Council (even though it was not well
  attendedstarted with 12 bishops and rose to 103).

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Greek Harmony

• The Council asked the Emperor to resolve the
  status of the Bulgarian Church and he assigned it
  to the Patriarchate of Constantinople which Boris
  accepted.
• In 870, German missionaries were expelled from
  Bulgaria.
• Ignatius and Photius were also reconciled, and
  upon Ignatius death, Photius once more succeeded
  him as Patriarch (877).
• Another Council in Constantinople (879 attended
  by 383 bishops) reversed the decision of the
  Council of 869, and accepted without protest from
  Rome as John VIII (871-882) was hostile to the
  Germans and perhaps filioque.
• Communion between Rome and Constantinople
  continued.

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The Problem of Primacy

• In the East, the episcopacy was the center of
  unity and rooted in the investment of the Holy
  Spirit in the bishops office.
• The East had many churches with apostolic
  foundations.
• In addition, the ecumenical councils had
  recognized the Petrarchy.
• In the West, the center of unity was the Pope and
  it was the only church which could legitimately
  claim apostolic origins in the West.
• In the West, the papal rule was autocratic.
• In addition, the Pope was a political leader over
  the Papal States.
• In the East, the Patriarch was always working in
  concert with the Emperor.

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East to West Nicetas, Archbishop of Nicomedia to
Pope

• My dear brother, we do not deny to the Roman
  church the primacy amongst the five sister
  Patriarchates and we recognize her right to the
  most honorable seat at an Ecumenical Council. But
  she has separated herself from us by her own
  deeds, when through pride she assumed a monarchy
  which does not belong to her officeIf the Roman
  Pontiff, seated on the lofty throne of glory,
  wishes to thunder at us and , so to speak, hurl
  his mandates at us from on high, and if he wishes
  to judge us and even to rule us and our Churches,
  not by taking counsel with us but at his own
  arbitrary pleasure, what kind of brotherhood, or
  even what kind of parenthood can this be? We
  should be the slaves, not the sons, of such a
  Church. 12th centiury.

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Second Phase The Break (1054)

• Emperor Constantine IX and Pope Leo IX were
  allied against the Normans in Italy, but the
  Normans were victorious and even imprisoned the
  Pope.
• The Normans imposed Latin customs on conquered
  Byzantines in Italy, especially the use of
  unleavened bread.
• In response, Patriarch Cerularius in
  Constantinople imposed leavened bread on the
  Latin churches there which they refused to do and
  the Patriarch closed the churches.
• Leo, an Archbishop in the Bulgarian church, wrote
  a letter that was subsequently sent to all the
  western Bishops condemning their Judaistic
  practices.

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The Break

• Pope Leo IX ordered a reply and a defense of
  papal supremacy.
• Though Cerularius sought some reconciliation, Leo
  pressed his claims and sent legates to
  Constantinople.
• The legates published a Greek version of Leos
  reply which stirred riots in the city.
• Only July 16, 1054 (though Leo had died on April
  19, 1054) placed a Papal Bull of Excommunication
  on the altar of Hagia Sophia (the Bull only
  excommunicated Cerularius).
• Though the Emperor wanted reconciliation, the
  riots forced him to acknowledge the break and the
  legates were anathematized.

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History of Filioque

• Filioque was first used in a Persian council in
  410, but the strongest advocate of the position
  was Augustine.
• The Council of Toledo, Spain (587) added the word
  to the Nicene Creed. This was probably motivated
  by its historic problem with Arianism (Goths were
  Arian Christians).
• However, the Council at Gentilly in France
  rejected the addition in 767.

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History of Filioque

• However, Charlemagne, who always spoke derisively
  of the Greeks, had insisted on its use because
  it was widely used in the Frankish (Germanic)
  regions just as unleavened bread was and celibacy
  required for priests.
• Charlemagne sought the title of Holy Roman
  Emperor rather than let that title remain with
  the Byzantine emperor. The two were now competing
  Emperors.
• In 809 Pope Leo III forbade the addition to the
  Nicene Creed and Rome continued to oppose it,
  with a few exceptions, into the 11th century. It
  was added in 1014 when Emperor Henry II insisted.
• The clause became a permanent part of the Western
  recitation of the creed in 1014.

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East Rejects Filioque

• It rejects it because it is an addition to the
  creed and the ecumenical council declared that no
  one should add to the creed. Only an ecumenical
  council can change the creed.
• It rejects it because it views it as
  theologically false. The doctrine of the Trinity
  is the heart of the Christian faith in the East
  and this addition is subversive.

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Why is it Theologically Significant?

• John 1526 states that the Spirit proceeds from
  the Father.
• It subordinates the deity of the Spirit to the
  deity of the Father and Son since the Father and
  Son share something together that the Spirit does
  not share. This is the principle of
  Triadologywhat the three share is their deity
  but what distinguishes them is unique to each.
• This subordination means that the churchs link
  to God through the Spirit is not a fully divine
  one.

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Other Proposals

• Spirit proceeds from the Father of the Son
• Spirit proceeds from the Father through the Son
• Spirit proceeds from the Father and receives from
  the Son
• Spirit proceeds from the Father and rests on the
  Son
• Spirit proceeds from the Father and shines out
  through the Son

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Important to Preserve

• To preserve the monarchy of the Father as the
  source, cause and foundation of divinity
  (unbegottenness) which is the Fathers personal
  distinctiveness.
• To preserve the full deity of the Spirit so that
  there is no ontological subordination within the
  immanent Trinity.
• To affirm the full mutual indwelling
  (perichoresis) of the three persons of the
  Trinity who share the same divine essence.

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Why is it Important to Preserve the Full Deity of
the Spirit?

• We want to maintain a strong distinction between
  Creator and creature, between infinite and
  finite.
• We want to maintain the principle that God
  creates, redeems and renews his creatures by his
  personal presence and actions.
• The doctrine of the Trinity was formulated on
  soteriological rather than philosophical grounds.

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The Mutual Indwelling

• Just as the Father created through the Son in the
  power of the Spirit, so the Father redeems
  through the Son in the power of the Spirit.
• We are drawn into the communion of the Father
  through the Son in the power of the Spirit.
• We worship the Father through the Son in the
  power of the Spirit.
• The Son has a mediatorial role that enables (by
  incarnation, cross and resurrection) but the
  Spirits power unites us by his own person with
  the Father and Son.

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Liturgical Differences

• Baptism Immersion vs. Sprinkling/Pouring
• Eucharist Both Kinds vs. One Kind
• Eucharist Leavened vs. Unleavened Bread
• Eucharist Epiclesis vs. only the Words of
  Institution
• Worship A Cappella vs. Instrumental Music

58
Theological Differences

• Purgatory and Indulgences
• Immaculate Conception of the Virgin Mary
• The Bodily Assumption of the Virgin Mary
• Clerical Celibacy

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• Icon of the Holy Trinity by St. Andrei Rublev,
  Russian Orthodox (1411) for the Holy Trinity
  Monastery founded by St. Sergius.

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• Theotokos (Mother of God) by Vladimir from the
  end of the 11th century (Constantinople), but
  moved to Moscow in the 13th century where it
  remains.

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Third Phase The Crusades

• The Crusades aroused suspicion and ultimately
  violence between the East and West as Latins
  (Franks) established kingdoms in the East.
• Ultimately, the final break between East and West
  was the fourth Crusade for which only recently
  (2001) Pope John Paul II apologized.

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Origins of the Crusades

• The rise of the Seljuk Turks, who seized
  Jerusalem in 1070, worried the Byzantine Empire.
• They appealed to the Roman west for assistance as
  they reported the persecution of Christians and
  desecration of holy places.
• The West was eager to help for a number of
  reasons, including piety, wealth and land.

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Pope Urban II

• In 1095, Pope Urban II at the Council of
  Claremont in France declared a general indulgence
  to all who would take up a holy pilgrimage
  against the Islamic infidels.
• He demonized Islam demon worshippers
• Accused Muslims of atrocities (forced
  circumcision, destruction of churches, bizarre
  tortures)

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Indulgence

• Crusaders would wear the sign of the cross on
  their armor/garments.
• Whoever died on the pilgrimage would have
  immediate remission of sin and have a martyrs
  entrance into heaven.
• They could keep what they conquered as the
  spoils of Egypt.

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Major Crusades

• First (1096) Knights from France, England and
  Germany recaptured Jerusalem in 1099 and
  established the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem.
• Second (1147-49) Louis VII of France and Conrad
  III of the Holy Roman Empire sought to regain
  territory in Asia Minor but were decimated and
  Saladin recaptured all lost territory except for
  Tyre.
• Third (1189-92) Emperor Frederick, Philip II of
  France and Richard I of England failed to regain
  Jerusalem though they retook Cyprus and held
  Acre.
• Fourth (1202-04) The crusaders stopped at
  Constantinople, sacked it and established a Latin
  kingdom there till 1261 at the instigation of
  Venice.
• Fifth (1228-1244) Regained Jerusalem and then
  lost it again. By 1291 all Crusader lands in the
  East were lost (Acre was the last Crusader city).

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The First Crusade
67
Disastrous Crusades

• Peasants Crusadeimmediately after Urban IIs
  speech in Claremont, a grassroots movement headed
  for the East of 10,000 men. Ultimately, they
  were annihilated by the Turks outside of
  Constantinople.
• Childrens Crusade (1212)20,000 children
  journeyed to the East. Many died on the way, but
  those who reached Marseilles were offered free
  passage to Palestine. Instead they were drowned
  or enslaved in Tunisia or Egypt.

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Other Significant Crusades

• The expulsion of Islam from the Spanish peninsula
  in 1492.
• Extension of Christianity into the Baltic region.
• Danish Crusade into Prussia
• Swedish Crusade into Lithuania.
• Constant Persecution of the Jews in Europe in the
  context of this crusading spirit.
• Crusades Against Heretics in regions of Western
  Europe.

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Net Effect of Crusades

• Crusades changed Muslim perceptions of Christians
  who were now perceived negatively as land-hungry,
  cruel barbarians very different from themselves.
• Crusades encouraged commercial activity to the
  East, but ultimately it was Muslim scholars who
  influenced the West more through Spain and
  Sicily.
• Crusades brought confusion to the Byzantine
  empire and hastened its demise as well as
  distracting Western European rulers from their
  real problems at home.
• The Crusades enhanced the prestige as well as
  spiritual and political power of the Papacy.

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Relation of Byzantine and Roman Churches Early in
the Crusades

• Byzantine at times supported the Crusaders though
  the Crusaders often thought they were betrayed by
  them.
• Crusaders installed Latin Patriarchs at Antioch
  and Jerusalem.
• Local believers did not accept the Latin
  Patriarch and there was a local schism in the
  church at Antioch.
• Rival bishops claimed the same throne and the
  division between East and West was cleartwo
  hostile congregations existed in the same city.

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The Fourth Crusade (1201-1204)

• It was originally designed to conquer Jerusalem
  through an invasion of Egypt. Instead, it sacked
  Constantinople and set up a Latin Kingdom.
• In 1198, Pope Innocent III called for a new
  crusadewestern Europe ignored him. But some
  Germans, French and Italians were interested.
• The Crusaders approached Venice for assistance.
• Venice agreed to build ships to transport 33,000
  Crusaders and 4,500 horses at a set price, but
  only 12,000 Crusaders came to Venice.

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Problem

• The Crusaders, however, could not pay the
  Venetians for the boats and the Venetians
  barricaded them on the island of Lido.
• Venice proposed that the Crusaders attack Zara in
  Dalmatia (under the protection of Hungary) to
  acquire the needed money and as partial payment
  since Venice claimed the city as its own. Some
  refused, but the Papal legate endorsed the
  proposal.
• Innocent III, however, excommunicated the
  Crusaders for their attack on the city of Zara.

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Constantinople

• The deposed Emperor Issac II Angelus son,
  Alexius, conspired with the Crusaders to topple
  the new Emperor Alexis III.
• He promised money, restoration of communion with
  Rome through submission to its primacy, and to
  join the Crusade to Egypt.
• The Crusaders went from Zara to Constantinople
  though some soldiers refused to participate.
• The fleet arrived in June, 1203 and installed
  Alexius as Emperor (Alexius IV).

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Problem

• Alexius IV melted valuable icons in order to
  extract gold and silver which was desecration in
  the eyes of the public.
• Crusaders were responsible for the Great Fire
  that destroyed 1/5 of Constantinople in 1204.
• Alexius IV was assassinated and in reprisal the
  Crusaders sacked the city for three days. Roman
  clergy encouraged the Crusaders by telling them
  that the Greeks were worse than Jews.
• A new Latin Kingdom in Constantinople was divided
  between Venice and the Germans. None of them ever
  made it to the Holy Land.
• They also installed a Latin Patriarch of
  Constantinoplebut both the kingdom and Patriarch
  were regained by the Greeks in 1261.

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Innocent III to the Crusaders

• "You vowed to liberate the Holy Land but you
  rashly turned away from the purity of your vow
  when you took up arms not against Saracens but
  Christians The Greek Church has seen in the
  Latins nothing other than an example of
  affliction and the works of Hell, so that now it
  rightly detests them more than dogs.
• In both 2001 and 2004, Pope John Paul II
  expressed regret and distress over the incident.

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The Psychology of 1204

• Westerns do not recognize how deep the
  psychological hurt is over the sack of
  Constantinople in 1204.
• It engendered or confirmed intense national
  hatredindignation against western aggression and
  sacrilege.
• Both East and West looked upon each other as
  profane and ungodly.

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The Great Schism 858-1204

• East
• Greek Language
• Original Nicene Creed
• Icons
• Mystical Emphasis
• A Cappella Music
• Patriarch Petrarchy
• Leavened Bread
• Vernacular Liturgy
• Communion/Theosis

• West
• Latin Language
• Filioque Addition
• Statues
• Legal Emphasis
• Musical Instruments
• Roman Primacy
• Unleavened Bread
• Latin Liturgy
• Penance/Forgiveness

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The Gospel in Stone The Development of Gothic
Architecture

• Earliest Christian architecture Basilica
• Followed by Romanesque
• Gothic developed by scholars at Cathedral School
  of Chartres
• First Gothic cathedral St. Denis 1137

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Abbot Suger of St. Denis Church, 1144

• He wrote Among the crowded multitudewho
  strove to flock in to worship and kiss the holy
  relics, no one among the countless thousands of
  people because their very density could move a
  foot.
• He tore down bulky walls, enlarged windows, and
  dispersed the general gloom of the Romanesque
  setting.
• He envisioned a church where walls would be thin
  and skeletal, and external light would illuminate
  the interior.
• Man may rise to the contemplation of the divine
  through senses, he wrote, and be transported
  from this inferior to that higher world.

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Influence of Gothic

• From St. Denis outside of Paris to Spain and
  Scandinavia, Gothic dominated architecture for
  nearly 400 years.
• Towns constructed churches, town halls, hospitals
  and universities in this style.
• This was aided by new technology, wealth and the
  patronage of the monarchs.

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Context

• Impressed by the light of Hagia Sophia, and
  learning from the architecture of the Muslims,
  Crusaders returned with new technology
• Winches to hoist heavy stones
• Renewed interest in geometry
• Pointed arches and the rib vault
• Flying buttresses that enabled larger windows
• Sense of interior unity and pronounced vertical
  emphasis.

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Gothic Height and Light

• Ribbed vaults distribute the weight of the walls
  as they are supported by vertical piers.
• Flying buttresses function as exterior supports
  to the walls.
• Pointed arches are more flexible since the angle
  can vary while keeping the keystone at the same
  height.
• As the engineering was perfected with trial and
  error, churches were adapted (e.g., before
  buttresses, the walls of Notre Dame were 5 feet
  thick, but now they are 16 inches).
• Since the stress is on the vertical piers, the
  flying buttresses and distributed through arches,
  the walls now could have larger widows and thus
  give more light to the interior.

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Technical Innovations

• Ribbed vaulting

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Technical Innovations

• Ribbed vaulting
• Pointed arches

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Technical Innovations

• Ribbed vaulting
• Pointed arches
• Flying buttresses

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Gothic Architecture

• Where France, northern Europe
• When 1140-1500
• Major Building Form Cathedral, University, and
  Guild Halls

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Gothic Style

• Plan Unified Interior, Expanded Apse (including
  choir)
• Support Piers, Flying Buttresses
• Hallmark Pointed Arch, Rib Vault
• Décor Sculpture, stained glass

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Gothic Style

• Effect Soaring, Vertical, skeletal
• Ambiance airy, bright
• Inspiration Heavenly Light
• Goal To impress, uplift create more space for
  pilgrims

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Notre Dame (1163-1250)

• Victor Hugo a vast symphony of stone
• First Cathedral of colossal scale and prototype
  of all that followed.
• Previously 69 foot nave vaults were the highest,
  but Notre Dames are 115.

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Notre Dame, Paris
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Notre Dame, Paris
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Effect

• Sanctuary flooded with light
• Diffused through color of stained glass
• Stone seemed to soar to heaven
• Lift worshipper to God
• Like praying hands
• Everything to the glory of God
• Every aspect of church teaches

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Chartres Cathedral
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St. Denis Nave
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Purpose

• Teaching
• Worship
• Community Use

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Teaching

• Preeminence of God
• In every dimension of the building
• In stained glass and in statuary
• Light Christ, Truth, Word, Gospel
• Color illustrates story line
• Becomes Bible story book
• Reflects mysteries of faith

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Reflects all creation

• Symbolizes universe over which God rules
• Ordered, proportional
• Universe that looks to God
• But illuminated by God
• Three doors Trinity
• Rose window Mary
• Front Story of Creation

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Goal Make known whole of Biblical History

• Music, incense, objects to touch
• Communion to taste all senses
• Learn lives of martyrs, saints
• Virtues and vices
• Promise of heaven punishment of hell

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Judgment from Amiens Cathedral
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Architecture should be worthy of Gods presence

• Church would reach up to heaven
• Symbolize the presence of God
• Appropriate for miracle of communion
  transformation of elements into body and blood of
  Christ

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Communal Use

• Place of refuge, help, public meeting
• Poor could come to be fed, cared for
• Homeless could sleep there
• Plays performed in front of cathedral
• Square in front where people gathered for various
  public events
• Door became public bulletin board

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Dominating the Skyline

• Made statement as to what was most important
• Shows how God has triumphed over all through His
  Gospel

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Spread of Gothic Architecture

• France was its homeland

Chartres
Rheims
Notre Dame
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Spread of Gothic Architecture

• Developed in Germany

Cologne
St. Stephens Vienna
Strasbourg
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Spread of Gothic Architecture

• England

Winchester
Salisbury
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Spread of Gothic Architecture

• Milan, Italy