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Differences in Sustainability of Buryat in Russia and Sami in Sweden

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Title: Differences in Sustainability of Buryat in Russia and Sami in Sweden


1
SARAH MILEWSKI
  • Differences in Sustainability of Buryat in Russia
    and Sami in Sweden

2
Outline
  • Buryat
  • Support
  • Predictions
  • Actual Conditions
  • Sami
  • Support
  • Predictions
  • Actual Conditions

3
Introduction to Buryat
  • Altaic, Mongolian language family
  • 3 individual languages
  • Mongolia Buryat
  • China Buryat
  • Russia Buryat (Siberia)
  • Buryat Republic is a subject of the Russian
    Federation
  • Siberia, around Lake Baikal
  • Majority is Russian, about 25 Buryat
  • Ethnic Population 422,000 (1990)

4
Under the Soviet Union
  • Policies favoring assimilation
  • More books on Russian
  • Education in Russian
  • 1959 5.9 of population had forsaken Buryat
  • After the fall of the USSR, there was
    insufficient emphasis on reinstating Buryat
    language

5
Legal Support for Buryat
  • Law on the Languages of the Peoples in the
    Buryat Republic passed in 1992
  • Russian and Buryat state languages
  • But there is inadequate support from Russia and
    from Buryat people themselves.
  • In general, the native language has for Buryats
    a rather symbolic, unifying value and its
    abandoning does not affect the ethnic identity
    itself.
  • - Erzhen Khilkhanova ?and Dorji Khilkhanov
    (Eastern-Siberian State Academy of Culture and
    Arts)

6
Predictions
  • Laws to make a language a state language are
    helpful but not the only factor in the
    sustainability
  • Education
  • Social prestige
  • History
  • Psychology
  • Economy

7
Actual Conditions
  • Russian is the majority language
  • Population of Russians holds the majority
  • Russian is language of business, legal matters
    and economic trade
  • Russian is the contact language
  • Inter-marriage
  • 72 Ethnic Buryat speak Russian as secondary
    language
  • Buddhism

8
Progress
  • Ethnic awareness
  • National culture centers
  • More education
  • Buryat language classes, introduced in municipal
    schools
  • Literary Language development
  • Tied to religion, Buddhism
  • More Russians are migrating out of the Rep. of
    Buryatia as of 2000

9
Language Evolution
  • Problems
  • Materials (media, educational) insufficient
  • No TV
  • Inadequate textbooks
  • Secondary and university in Russian
  • No common literary language
  • Not used in economics/politicals
  • But if not essential, it might be time for the
    language to die out -

10
Basics of Sami
  • North Scandinavian peninsula (Norway, Sweden,
    Finland, Russia)
  • Total of 50,000 to 80,000 people
  • Finno-Ugric language family
  • 10 languages
  • 30,000 speakers total
  • Most have less than 500
  • Necessary to culture and way of life
  • Sweden By law, only Sami people can be reindeer
    herders

11
General Goals for Sami within the EU
  • Focus on economic and social unity between its
    members with respect of ethnic differences
  • Sami Parliament works with Swedish government,
    within the EU to try to increase growth in
    cultural and economic sectors
  • Sami Parliament ultimate goal is
    self-sustaining community

12
More Policies within the EU
  • Sweden April 2000, Sami have right to use
    language within government and courts
  • Sami Parliament claims that Sami does have a rich
    history in oral storytelling but also claims that
    it is a modern language in the computer age.
  • Objective 1 and Interreg III A are two
    programmes that focus on structural funds to
    aid cultural awareness

13
Predictions
  • Sami is well recognized enough that the
    sustainability of the language is good
  • The Sami Parliament is tackling problems from the
    right angles
  • Emphasis on economic growth
  • Focus on Education and resources
  • Socially acceptable

14
Major FOCUS on Education
  • Nomadic school reform hut schools then in
    1940s parents had protested about school
    conditions and more boarding schools
  • As of 1980, Sami School and Sami School Board
  • Sami Library in Jokkmokk (1988) receives state
    funding from Sweden

15
Comparison
  • Sami language is perceived as being integral to
    the people and their way of life.
  • Economically supported in Sweden
  • Education is one of the main points of focus
  • Buryat language is not as closely intertwined to
    the day to day activities of the people.
  • Chances are Sami will have a better chance of
    surviving unless their way of living is
    threatened.

16
Bibliography
  • Alexandrovna, Dyrkheeva Galina. Factors in
    National-language Development The Buryat
    Example http//www.sil.org/asia/ldc/parallel_pape
    rs/galina_dyeerkova.pdf
  • Gordon, Raymond G., Jr. (ed.), 2005. Ethnologue
    Languages of the World, Fifteenth edition.
    Dallas, Tex. SIL International.
  • Khilkhanova, Erzhen , and Dorji Khilkhanov.
    "Language and Ethnic Identity of Minorities in
    Post-Soviet Russia The Buryat Case Study,
    Abstract." Journal of Language, Identity
    Education Vol. 3(2004) 85-100.
  • Lewis E. Glyn. Migration and languages in the
    USSR. International Migration Review. 1971.
    http//www.jstor.org/view/01979183/di009691/00p019
    6r/14?framenoframeuserID981751d4_at_unc.edu/01cce4
    40652ac310f056151d2dpi3configjstor
  • Samitinget In English. The Website of the Sami
    Parliament. Accessed on Nov. 28, 2006.
    http//www.sametinget.se/sametinget/view.cfm?oid1
    009
  • Wikipedia, the online encyclopedia.
    lthttp//www.wikipedia.orggt
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