Motto

1
???? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ?????
??????, ???????????? ?????? ???

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• 30.1.07

2
Motto

• changes are adopted and then abandoned with a
  startling frequency, and many of those that are
  put into practice are said to be badly thought
  out and have pernicious consequences
  (Levin Riffel, 1997, pp. 9)

3
??????? ??????

• ??????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ???????
  ?????? ???? ?????.
• ?? ?? ???????? (1991) ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ??
  ???? ????????? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ??????,
  ??????? ????????.
• ???? ??? ???? ?? ?????????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????

4
????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????????

• ??? ??????? ????? ????????
• ?????? ????????????
• ??????? ???????
• ??????? ?? ????? ????
• ???? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ???????
  ????????
• ?? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ?????
  ???? ????????

5
????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????????-
????

• ??? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????
  ???????? ???
• ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ????
  ???? ???????
• ??? ??????? ?????? ????????

6
??? ?????? (Cuban, 1988)

• ????? ???? ?? ?????? ????? (first
  order change)
• ????? ???? ??????? ?????? (second
  order change)

7
?????? ???????? ?????? ????? (??"? Kingdon,
1984)

• ????? (the problem)
• ???????? ??????? (the alternative stream)
• ?????? ??????? (the political stream)
• ????? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ?????????
  ???? ??????? (an open policy window)

8
???? ???? ?????? (the stake holders)

• ????? ?????? ??/? ??????
• ?????? ???????????
• ?????? ????? ????????? ???????
• ?????? ????? ????????? ???????
• ???????

9
?????? ???????? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ??????

• ????????? (synergy)
• ??????? ?????? (parallelogram of forces)

10
????? ??????????

• Combination or correlated actions of a group of
  bodily organs (as nerve-centres, muscles etc.)
  hence of mental faculties, of remedies etc. These
  actions tend to reinforce each other and yield
  strengthened results. In synergy the whole is
  assumed to be greater than the sum of its parts.
  (Oxford English
  Dictionary, 1973)

11
??????? ??????

• ??/? ??????, ??????, ???????,
• ????, ?????? ??????
• ?????? ??????
• ???????

12
????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????????

• ??????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ?-60 (????? ????
  ????????).
• ???????
• ?????? ????????????- ????? ?????????? ??????
  (equity)
• ??????? ??????? (????? ??? ???? ???)
• ??????? ?? ????? ??? (????? ?????? ??????)

13
??????? ?????? ?-1968

• ????? ?? 8 (?????) 4 (?????)
• ????? ?? 6 (?????) 3 (????? ??????) 3
  (?????).
• ??????-
• ????????? ??????
• ????? ?????? ????????
• ??????? ????? ????? ?- 1968, ?? 1987????? ?-70
  ???????? ???????? ????? ?- 55 ????????? ?????
  ???? ??????????.
• ????? ?-90 ????? ???????.

14
?????????

• ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ???????
• ?????? ??????? ????????- ?????, ????, ??????.
• ???? ?????- ?????, ??????, ?????, ?????? ??????.
• ?????? ???????? ?????? ??????- ??????, ??? ?????,
  ?????? ?????? ?????.
• ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ???
  ?????? ??????? ?? ?? ??????????? ????????.

15
???? ?????

• ????? ?????? ??/? ??????
• ?????? ???????- ?????
• ?????? ???????
• ??? ???? (??????, ?????, ???????, ?????)
• ?????? ????? ??????
• ????? ?????
• ??????
• ???????

16
???? ???? ????? ???????

• ??? ??????????- ?????
• ??????? ??????- ????, ????? ?? ?????

17
????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????????

• ????? ???????
• ????? ????? ?????? ???????
• ????? ?????