Emissions From The Oceans To The Atmosphere Deposition From The Atmosphere To The Oceans And The Interactions Between Them

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Emissions From The Oceans To The
AtmosphereDeposition From The Atmosphere To The
OceansAndThe Interactions Between Them

• Tim Jickells
• Laboratory for Global Marine and Atmospheric
  Chemistry
• School of Environmental Sciences University of
  East Anglia
• Norwich UK

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Outline

• CO2 Exchange
• Atmospheric Inputs of Nitrogen and Dust to the
  Oceans
• Emissions of Salt and Biogenic Gases from the
  Ocean
• Atmosphere Ocean Feedback Cycles

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Nitrate Concentrations In Surface Ocean Waters
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Deposition to the Ocean
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Current Fixed Nitrogen Inputs to the World Oceans
1012mol yr -1

• Source
• Biological N2 Fixation
• Lightning
• Rivers
• Atmospheric

• Flux
• 5.7
• 0.6
• 5.4
• 3.1-7.9

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• Human Activity has
• had little effect on Biological N2 Fixation and
  Lightning
• approximately doubled Riverine Inputs
• approximately doubled Inorganic Atmospheric
  Inputs (NOx and NH3)

• Organic Nitrogen
• About a third, and perhaps more, of the
  atmospheric N input is organic.
• The sources and role of aerosol organic material
  is very uncertain.

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Fixed Nitrogen Inputs

• Source
• Biological N2 Fixation
• Lightning
• Rivers
• Atmospheric

• Flux
• 5.7
• 0.6
• 5.4
• 3.1-7.9

Atmospheric Inputs of Fixed Nitrogen may be
increasing algal growth rates by only a few
percent globally because of the large reservoirs
of nitrate in deep water but if we consider only
export production the impact rises to more than
10 in some areas.
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Nitrate Concentrations In Surface Ocean Waters
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Nitrate Concentrations In Surface Ocean Waters
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Fixed Nitrogen Inputs

• Source
• Biological N2 Fixation
• Lightning
• Rivers
• Atmospheric

• Flux
• 5.7
• 0.6
• 5.4
• 3.1-7.9

Nitrogen Fixation Requires Iron
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Emissions From The Oceans
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Chlorophyll measurements during the SOIREE
experiment in the Southern Ocean showing dramatic
increases in chlorophyll in the iron fertilised
area (open circles) compared to the unfertilised
area (dark circles).
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Sulphate Aerosol H2SO4
Radiation Budget
SO2
DMS
Algae
DMS
Degradation/Loss
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Sulphate Aerosol Ammoniun Sulphate
Radiation Budget
NH4
SO2
NH3
DMS
NH3/NH4
Nitrate
Algae
DMS
Degradation/Loss
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Fe
Ozone
DUST
FeIIIs FeIIdOH SO2 OH H2SO4
Cl
Sulphate Aerosol Ammonium Sulphate
Radiation Budget
NH4
Sea Salt
SO2
NH3
DMS
NH3/NH4
Nitrate
Algae
DMS
Degradation/Loss
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Conclusions

• Inputs of material from the continents to the
  Oceans can significantly modify ocean
  biogeochemical processes.
• Emissions of trace gases and salt from the oceans
  have a major impact on atmospheric chemistry.
• These emission and deposition processes interact
  and may play an important role in climate
  regulation.