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Title: LongTerm Deformation in the Central U'S' Geomorphology


1
Long-Term Deformation in the Central U.S. -
Geomorphology  
  • Margaret J. Guccione
  • Department of Geosciences
  • University of Arkansas

2
Need
  • Deformation affecting surface
  • Driving force must exceed Geomorphic Threshold
  • A response or suite of responses that are unique
    to deformation
  • Dating technique

3
Geomorphic Threshold
  • A limit to stability
  • If driving force exceeds the limit
  • System is in disequilibrium
  • A major response will occur
  • Driving force does not NEED to be excessive

4
Convergent land forms
  • Same landform can be caused by a variety
    processes
  • e.g. stream sinuosity
  • Gradient change due to deformation
  • Gradient change due to base level control
  • Intrinsic variation cyclic?

5
Divergent landforms
  • Same process can cause a variety of different
    landforms
  • e.g. stream incision
  • Uplift
  • Reduce sediment load
  • Increased discharge
  • Base level change

6
Central U.S. Geomorphic Processes
  • Eolian
  • Groundwater
  • Glaciers
  • Lacustrine
  • Denudation/Slopes
  • Streams
  • Biotic
  • Archeologic

7
Eolian
  • No known response to deformation or cause of
    deformation
  • Chronologic limit lt 200 ky

8
Deformation and Groundwater/Caves
  • Response - Could cause change in the water table
  • Response - Could cause change in flow lines/paths
  • Can these be identified? perhaps changes in
    speleothem formation such as initiation or
    ceasing of tufa formation, stalgtite/mite
    formation

9
Damaged cave deposits(Israel)
10
Caves
  • Chronologic limit - lt200 ky?

11
Glaciers
  • Glaciers do cause isostatic deformation
  • Depression beneath ice
  • Forebulge beyond ice
  • Terraces and beaches deformed as forebulge
    collapses

12
Isostatic rebound does cause seismicity in
Fennoscandia and it is most frequent during
maximum uplift (9-11 kya)
(Morner, 2003)
13
Can glacier recession cause change in stress
field and tectonic deformation? (Kenner and
Segall, 2000)?
  • Why didnt earlier Pleistocene glaciers
    (especially Illinoian) cause deformation?
  • Why isnt sesimicity most intense during major
    rebound?
  • Evidence for a forebulge?
  • Chronologic limit 2.2 m

14
Lakes
  • Deformed Shorelines
  • Isostatic?
  • Tectonic?
  • Submarine slope failures can cause brecciation
    and turbidite deposits
  • Tectonic (lacustrine seismites)?
  • Storms?
  • Instrinsic?

15
Submarine slope failures
  • Submarine slumps and intraclast breccias in Lake
    Geneva of Alps, (Gorin et al., 2003) and in Dead
    Sea (Migowski et al., 2004) have been tied to
    earthquakes
  • Slumps in Lake Superior (Colman, 2007)

16
Seismically disturbed lacustrine beds of the Dead
sea
From Migowski et al., 2004
17
Lakes
  • Chronologic Limit maybe lt100 ky
  • preWisconsin slackwater lakes in Uplands and
    Crowleys Ridge
  • Chronologic Limit commonly lt12 ky
  • age of glacial lakes in central US

18
Slopes and Uplands
  • Increased altitude, slope angle, or relief
    increases
  • erosion
  • isostatic rebound
  • Decreased altitude, slope angle, or relief
    increases
  • sedimentation
  • soil formation
  • lithostatic pressure

19
Denudation
Could Mississippi River Incision and removal of
sediment across the NMSZ cause perturbation in
stress field? (VanArsdale et al., in press)
20
Questions
  • Is removal of 35-100 m of sediment adequate to
    cause perturbation of stress
  • Most of this sediment removed gt100 kya
  • Final pulse of sediment emplacement and removal
    20-12 kya (Rittenour et al., 2007)

21
Large-Scale Landforms
  • Chronologic limit lt 50 my?

22
Mass Movements
  • Landslides - steep slopes
  • Shear strength exceeded during earthquake
  • landslide/slump/earthflow may result
  • Liquefaction - low slopes ( e.g. Tuttle, 2001)

23
1811-1812 Landslides along bluffsextensive
Based on Jibson and Keefer, 1988
24
Areas of uplift and depressionaffects water
table, stream flow and impound-ment
Jibson and Keefer, 1988 (from Fuller, 1912)
25
Mass Movements
  • Chronologic limit - landslides
  • Eastern Mississippi River bluff lt10 ky
  • Crowleys Ridge lt 100 ky
  • Ozark Escarpment lt 100 ky
  • Chronologic limit - liquefaction
  • In valley lt 100 ky
  • In floodplain lt 10 ky

26
Streams
  • Sensitive to changes in gradient
  • Channel path
  • Flow direction
  • Channel pattern
  • Channel cross section
  • Longitudinal profile
  • Patterns of floodplain aggradation and degradation

27
Large Scale Change in Path
  • Migration of the Mississippi River to east side
    of valley
  • tectonic?
  • depositional?

28
  • Crowleys Ridge is bounded by faults and has been
    uplifted during Tertiary and Quaternary (max 7.5
    m since Eocene).
  • Mississippi River moves east
  • (Van Arsdale et al., 1995)

29
Repeating geomorphic patternsIs there a
significance?
30
Large Scale Landforms
  • Chronologic limit lt 4 my?

31
Small scale change in path Stream is focused
into depression and around uplift
Big Lake
Manila high
32
Basin Assymetry and Stream Deviation
Cox, et al., 2001
33
Offset channels along Bootheel fault (Guccione et
al., 2005)
34
Strati-graphic fill along vertical displace-ment
(Guccione et al, 2005)
35
Change in Pattern
  • Decreased gradient due to deformation may cause
    straightening (Holbrook et al., 2006),
    anatamosing, ponding (Guccione et al., 2000)
  • Increased gradient may cause meandering

36
Stream straightening response to intermittent
deformation at 103 ky
37
Channel Cross Section
  • Uplift may cause channel incision
  • Uplift may cause channel widening and shallowing
    Mississippi River (Fischer and Schumm, 1993)
  • Depression may cause channel deepening by
    aggradation (Mississippi River)

38
Change in Longitudinal Profile
  • Anomalous blips
  • Older Terraces have different profiles than
    younger terraces and floodplains

39
Deformed Longitudinal Profile
Tyronza, AR Area of marked fissuring (Fuller,
1912)
Guccione et al., 2006
40
Floodplain aggradation
  • Uplifted dome has thin flood deposits
  • Depressed basin has thick flood deposits

Reelfoot scarp
Guccione et al, 2002
41
Stream Morphology and Deposits
  • Chronologic Limit
  • Mississippi Meander Belt lt 10 ky
  • Mississippi Braid Belts lt 20 ky
  • Crowleys Ridge lt 100 ky
  • Western Lowlands lt 100 ky
  • Uplands lt 4 my?

42
Biotics
  • Trauma response
  • Changes in hydrology response
  • Chronologic limit lt1.5 ky

Van Arsdale et al.,1998
43
Biotics
  • Chronologic Limit of Bald cypress lt 1.5 ky

44
Archeology
  • Absence or sparse sites in areas now ideal
    (Tiptonville dome)
  • Abundant sites in areas that are now poor choices
    (Reelfoot basin)

45
Chronologic Limit
  • In central US lt 14 ky
  • lt age of underlying landform

46
ConclusionsUse of Geomorphology to Identify
Deformation in Central US
  • Extensive
  • Mass movements - liquefaction
  • Stream Geomorphology
  • Moderate
  • Mass movements landslides
  • Minimal
  • Denudation/large landforms
  • Biotics
  • Archaeology
  • Glaciers
  • Potential?
  • Lakes
  • Groundwater/Caves

47
References
  • Cox, R.T., Van Arsdale, R.B., and Harris, J.B.,
    2001,
  • Identification of possible Quaternary
    deformation in the northeastern Mississippi
    Embayment using quantitative geomorphic analysis
    of drainage-basin asymmetry,
  • Geological Soc. of Am. Bull. 113, p. 615-624

48
  • Fischer, K.J. and Schumm, S.A., 1993,
  • Geomorphic evidence of deformationin the
    northern part of the New Madrid Seismic Zone,
  • Final Report US Geological Survey
  • Guccione, M.J., Van Arsdale, R.B., Hehr, L.H.,
    2000,
  • Origin and age of the Manila high and associated
    Big Lake Sunklnds New Madrid seismic zone,
    northeastern Arkansas,
  • Geol. Soc. Of Am. Bull. V. 112, p. 579-590

49
  • Holbrook, J., Autin, W.J., Rittenour, T.M.,
    Marshak, S., Goble R., 2006,
  • Stratigraphic evidence for millennial-scale
    temporal clustering of earthquakes on a
    continental-interior fault Holocene Mississippi
    River floodplain deposits, New Madrid seismic
    zone, USA
  • Tectonophysics v. 420, p. 431-454.
  • Jibson, R.W. and Keefer D.K., 1988 ,
  • Landslides Triggered by earthquakes in the
    central Mississippi valley, Tennessee and
    Kentucky,
  • U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper
    1336-C.

50
  • Guccione, M.J., Horn, J.D., Hays, P. and Cothren,
    J. 2006,
  • Geomorphology, Stratigraphy, Vegetation, and
    Paleoseismology of the Tryronza Area and
    Archeological sites 3PO608, 3PO610, and
    3CT340/341,
  • draft report submitted to SPEARS. Inc.
  • Guccione, M.J., Marple, R., Autin, W.J., 2005,
    Evidence for Holocene displacements on the
    Bootheel fault (lineament) in southeastern
    Missouri Seismotectonic implications for the New
    Madrid region,
  • Geol. Soc. of Am. Bull., v. 117, p.319-333.

51
  • Guccione, M.J., Van Arsdale, R.B., and Hehr,
    L.H., 2000,
  • Origin and age of the Manila high and associated
    Big Lake Sunklands, New Madrid Seismic Zone,
    northeastern Arkansas,
  • Geol. Soc. of Am. Bull., v. 112, p.579-590.

52
  • Kagan, E.J Agnon, A. Bar-Matthews, M Ayalon, A.,
    2005,
  • Dating large infrequent earthquakes by damaged
    cave deposits,Geology, v. 33, no.4, pp.261-264.
  • Kenner, S.J. and Segall, P., 2000,
  • A mechanical model for intraplate earthquakes
    Application to the New Madrid seismic zone,
  • Science, v. 33, pp. 2329-2332.

53
  • Migowski, C. Agnon, A., Bookman, R. Negendank,
    J.F.W, Stein, M., 2004,Recurrence pattern of
    Holocene earthquakes along the Dead Sea transform
    revealed by varve-counting and radiocarbon dating
    of lacustrine sedimentsEarth and Planetary
    Science Letters, v. 222, no.1, pp.301-314.
  • Morner, N-A., 2003,
  • Paleoseismicity of Sweden
  • Paleogeophysics and Geodynamics, Stockholm
    University

54
  • Rittenour, T.M., Blum, M.D., goble, R., 2007,
  • Fluvial evolution of the lower Mississippi River
    valley during the last 100ky glacial cycle
    Response to glaciation and sea-level change,
  • Geol. Soc. of Am. Bull. v. 119, pp.586-608.
  • Tuttle, M.P., 2001
  • The use of liquefaction features in
    paleoseismology Lessons learned in the New
    Madrid seismic zone, central United States,
  • Journal of Seismology, v. 5, p. 361-380.

55
  • VanArsdale R.B., Bresnahan R., McCallister, N.,
    and Waldron, B. in press)
  • Upland complex of the central Mississippi River
    valley Its origin, denudation, and possible role
    in reactivation of the New Madrid seismic zone,
  • Geological Soc. of Am. Sp. Paper 423.
  • Van Arsdale, R.B., Stahle, D.W., Cleaveland,
    M.K., and Guccione, M.J., 1998,
  • Earthquake signals in tree-ring data from the
    New Madrid seismic zone and implications for
    paleoseismicity,
  • Geology, v. 26, no. 6, p. 515-518.
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