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The digestive system, thermodynamics, enzymes, and transport across membranes

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The digestive system, thermodynamics, enzymes, and transport across membranes. April 28, 2003 ... Types of transport. Passive-requires no energy ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: The digestive system, thermodynamics, enzymes, and transport across membranes


1
The digestive system, thermodynamics, enzymes,
and transport across membranes
  • April 28, 2003
  • Learning objectives-
  • Understand the major organs involved in the
    digestive system
  • Understand the molecular difference between
    sugars and lipids
  • Understand how enzymes break down complex
    molecules to derive energy
  • ATP is the energy currency of the cell
  • Understand how complex molecules are built up and
    know that this is an energy-requiring process
  • Workshop-Work in groups to report on some aspect
    of digestion
  • Homework-see last slide

2
Grading
  • Quizzes (15), Homework (10), Midterm (25),
    Writing assignment (15), Final Exam (35)
  • 6 Quizzes (each 10 points) 60 points
  • 1 Midterm                 100 points
  • 1 paper                     60 points
  • 1 final                   140 points
  • 6 homeworks (ea.  6.67) 40 points
  •   Total                    400 points

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(ATP) (warmth)
First Law of Thermodynamics-Energy cannot be
created or destroyed but it can change
form. Second Law of Thermodynamics-Systems
change in a way that increases disorder of the
system and its surroundings
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  • Enzyme action video 1
  • Enzyme action video 2
  • Enzyme action video 3

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Characteristics of enzymes
  • Globular proteins that function as biological
    catalysts to mediate specific biochemical
    chemical reactions
  • Enzymes are not changed by the reactions they
    mediate
  • Functional units of metabolism - responsible for
    all biochemical reactions
  • May require cofactors/coenzymes for reaction to
    occur
  • metal ions - e.g., Mn2, Zn2, Fe3
  • coenzymes (NAD, TPP, THF, etc.)

15
Characteristics of enzymes (cont.)
  • Apoenzyme - enzyme lacking essential cofactor
  • Holoenzyme - intact functional enzyme
    containing all cofactors/coenzymes
  • Substrate (S) - molecules that enzymes react with
  • Product (P) - molecules formed by enzyme-mediated
    reactions

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Obesity in America
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What is a calorie?
  • The calorie (symbolized cal) is the unit of heat
    Heat is a form of kinetic energy transfer from
    one medium or object to another. An energy
    transfer of 1 cal will raise the temperature of
    one gram (1 g) of pure liquid water by one degree
    Celsius (1 oC)
  • In nutrition, a unit called the diet calorie is
    sometimes mentioned this unit is equivalent to
    1000 cal, or one kilocalorie (1 kcal).
  • Calorie content is measured with a bomb
    colorimeter

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H
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Workshop
  • Websites on human digestive system
  • Work in assigned groups of two to give a 6 minute
    presentation to the class on a molecular aspect
    of human digestion prepare a 3 question quiz for
    the class
  • Starch hydrolysis
  • Protein digestion
  • Fat emulsification
  • Site 1
  • Site 2

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Types of transport
  1. Passive-requires no energy
  2. Facilitated-requires no energy (put needs a
    protein transporter)
  3. Active transport-requires energy

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Video on transport systems
31
Endocytosis vs. exocytosis
Do the following exercises
32
Homework Due May 5
  • Answer Reviewing Ideas on p. 74, problems 1, 2,
    5-9, 11 Using Concepts on p. 75, problems 2, 3,
    6, 8, 10
  • Answer Check and Challenge questions on p. 85
  • Reading for next week 226-229 and familiarize
    yourself with the following website
    http//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?callbv.
    View..ShowSectionridgnd
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