Sound Technologies

1
Sound Technologies

• Digital Audio Archiving Workshop

PARADISEC 2003 University of Sydney
2
Overview

• Goals of archives then and now
• managing and delivering carriers and content
• Content migration, formats, strategies
• Content management and delivery

3
Goals of archives - then

• Preservation of physical carriers/media
• tape, film, discs, paper and objects
• Traditional challenges carrier life expectancy
• Vinegar syndrome
• Tape binder hydrolysis sticky shed
• Loss of signal/image
• format obsolescence
• accessibility

4
Goals of archives - now

• Preservation of content
• sound, still/moving images essence and related
  material inc. metadata
• retain content without loss or alteration
• Content delivery in suitable formats
• Restoration - original event
• Managing content for re-use, re-purposing

5
Preservation Principles

• Acquire content in best attainable quality
• Capture descriptive information, metadata
• Retain without loss or degradation
• Make content available in suitable form
• Transfer without loss or degradation
• Storage migration and retrieval
• Value of original artefact

6
Competition

• Dolby A
• Betacam
• Avid Media Composer
• Word for Windows 2.0

7
More Competition

• Dolby A
• Betacam
• Avid Media Composer
• Word for Windows 2.0

• Dolby B
• Betacam SP
• Avid Symphony
• Word 6

8
Yet more competition

• Dolby A
• Betacam
• Avid Media Composer
• Word for Windows 2.0
• Dolby B
• Betacam SP
• Avid Symphony
• Word 6

• Dolby C
• Digital Betacam
• Avid Xpress
• Word 98
• Dolby SR
• Betacam SX
• Avid DS Nitris
• Word 2000

9
Co-operation and Standards

• 35 mm Film
• TIFF, JPEG
• PCM audio RIFF/AIFF, .wav, BWF
• ITU.R-601 422 component video
• MPEG
• OMF, GXF, AAF, MXF

10
Software Genealogy
ttf
dll
txt
11
Migration, refreshing, reformatting, translation.
12
Broadcast Wave Format
ltwave-datagt
ltwave-datagt
ltwave-datagt
ltwave-datagt
ltwave-datagt

• RIFF header
• Broadcast-audio extension
• Fact chunk
• MPEG formats only
• Optional chunks
• Audio PCM/MPEG

ltfmt-ckgt ltb-ext-ckgt lt..gt
ltfact-ckgt ltmpeg-audio extensiongt
13
Material eXchange File Format
File Header
File Body
File Footer
Pre-amble
Header Metadata
Index table (playback)
Essence Container
Index Table (Record)
Post- amble
Key, Length, Value
14
MXF Body
15
Data preservation strategies

• Technical archeology
• Maintain hardware and software
• Clone files or tapes refresh data
• Migrate to newer medium or generation
• Translate to later data/software version
• Emulation

16
Software support
Plug-ins
Application
Op System
Plug-ins
Emulation
Application
Op System
17
Metadata

• Broad DC to specific
• Which schema, which business?
• Embedded in files streams or central DB
• XML, METS

18
Dublin Core

• 11, dumb-down
• Source, relation, format, extent
• Creator/contributor?
• Qualifiers, schema

19
SMEFP/Meta
20
SMPTE Metadata

• KLV
• key
• length
• value

• Identification
• Administration
• Interpretation
• Parametric
• Process
• Relational
• Spacio-temporal

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METS - Metadata Encoding Transmission Scheme

• ltdmdSecgt Descriptive Metadata
• External mdRef Internal mdWrap
• ltamdSecgt Administrative Metadata
• techMD text/image/audio/video files
• rightsMD intellectual property rights
• sourceMD analog/digital source metadata
• digiprovMD digital provenance
• ltfileGrpgt File Groups
• ltstructMapgt Structural Map
• METS pointer ltmptrgt File pointer ltfptrgt
  Division ltdivgt
• ltMETSbehaviorSecgt

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ltfileGrpgt     ltfileGrp ID"VERS1"gt        
ltfile ID"FILE001" MIMETYPE"application/xml"
SIZE"257537"         CREATED"2001-06-10"gt
            ltFLocat LOCTYPE"URL"gt
http//dlib.nyu.edu/tamwag/beame.xml            
lt/FLocatgt         lt/filegt     lt/fileGrpgt    
ltfileGrp ID"VERS2"gt         ltfile ID"FILE002"
MIMETYPE"audio/wav" SIZE"64232836"        
CREATED"2001-05-17" GROUPID"AUDIO1"gt
            ltFLocat LOCTYPE"URL"gt
http//dlib.nyu.edu/tamwag/beame.wav            
lt/FLocatgt         lt/filegt     lt/fileGrpgt    
ltfileGrp ID"VERS3" VERSDATE"2001-05-18"gt
        ltfile ID"FILE003" MIMETYPE"audio/mpeg"
SIZE"8238866"         CREATED"2001-05-18"
GROUPID"AUDIO1"gt             ltFLocat
LOCTYPE"URL"gt http//dlib.nyu.edu/tamwag/beame.mp
3             lt/FLocatgt         lt/filegt    
lt/fileGrpgt lt/fileGrpgt
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ltstructMap TYPE"logical"gt   ltdiv ID"div1"
LABEL"Oral History Mayor Abraham Beame"
TYPE"oral history"gt       ltdiv ID"div1.1"
LABEL"Interviewer Introduction" ORDER"1"gt    
      ltfptr FILEID"FILE001"gt              
ltarea FILEID"FILE001" BEGIN"INTVWBG"
END"INTVWND" BETYPE"IDREF"/gt          
lt/fptrgt           ltfptr FILEID"FILE002"gt      
        ltarea FILEID"FILE002" BEGIN"000000"
END"000147" BETYPE"TIME" /gt          
lt/fptrgt           ltfptr FILEID"FILE003"gt      
        ltarea FILEID"FILE003" BEGIN"000000"
END"000147" BETYPE"TIME" /gt          
lt/fptrgt       lt/divgt       ltdiv ID"div1.2"
LABEL"Family History" ORDER"2"gt          
ltfptr FILEID"FILE001"gt                ltarea
FILEID"FILE001" BEGIN"FHBG" END"FHND"
BETYPE"IDREF" /gt           lt/fptrgt          
ltfptr FILEID"FILE002"gt                ltarea
FILEID"FILE002" BEGIN"000148" END"000617"
BETYPE"TIME" /gt           lt/fptrgt          
ltfptr FILEID"FILE003"gt                ltarea 
FILEID"FILE003" BEGIN"000148" END"000617"
BETYPE"TIME"/gt           lt/fptrgt      
lt/divgt   lt/divgtlt/structMapgt 
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Synchronised Multimedia Interchange Language SMIL

• ltpargt
• ltaudiosrchttp//www.screensound.gov.au/audio/000
  123.mp3
• clipBegin12sec clipEnd38secgt
• ltimgsrchttp//www.screensound.gov.au/images/0001
  23.gifgt
• lt/pargt

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Namespace
lt?xml version"1.0" encoding"UTF-8" ?gt - lt!--
edited with Microsoft Notepad Version 5.1 by Joe
Bloggs --gt - ltxsschema targetNamespace"http//
www.rupertpackeruni.edu.au/xmlns"
xmlns"http//mywebserverinthebackshed.com.au/stuf
f/" xmlnsxs"http//www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema
" elementFormDefault"qualified"gt
ltxselement name"VIDEOMD" type"videoType" /gt
ltxselement name"file_data" type"file_dataType"
/gt ltxselement name"physical_data"
type"physical_dataType" /gt
xmlns"http//mywebserverinthebackshed.com.au/stuf
f/"
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Multi-Generation
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Data rates
Mbits/s
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Disc and tape storage costs -/GB

ATA Disk
Data Tape
GBytes
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Costs for Data Tape
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Digital Ingest Delivery
OAIS, WSDL
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Conclusions

• Accurate, authentic documentation of the past
• linear audio digitising
• comprehensible metadata
• standard formats

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Further Information

• World wide Web Consortium www.w3c.org
• International Electrical Telecommunication
  Federation www.ietf.org
• South East Asian-Pacific Audiovisual Archives
  Association
• International Association of Sound and
  Audiovisual Archives
• Society of Motion Picture and Television
  Engineers www.smpte.org