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Chapter 34 Industrialization and its Social Consequences

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Building new factories, port facilities, warehouses. Capital raised by stocks, partnerships, issue of paper money ... Steam locomotive was heart of system ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Chapter 34 Industrialization and its Social Consequences


1
Chapter 34Industrialization and its Social
Consequences
2
Prerequisites for Industrial Production
  • Upsurge in world trade
  • Colonies new markets, new exports
  • Intra-European trade also grew
  • Rising population
  • In most of the Continent and England
  • Death rate fell, birth rate rose
  • Increased money flow
  • Money needed to finance purchasing
  • Building new factories, port facilities,
    warehouses
  • Capital raised by stocks, partnerships, issue of
    paper money
  • Experienced manages and entrepreneurs
  • London, Antwerp, Amsterdam
  • Experience in organizing, managing large
    businesses

3
Agriculture and Industry
  • Agrarian improvements
  • Crop yields had to increase to feed growing urban
    workforce
  • Most important step was enclosing open fields
  • Also, use of fertilizer, crop rotation, hybrid
    seeds, land drainage
  • Landowners began producing for market agrarian
    capitalism
  • Changes in Mechanized Production
  • Main idea is to lessen unit cost of production
    through improved technology
  • Consumption changes due to more, cheaper familiar
    products, not new items, ex. underclothing
  • Most early industrial products were variations on
    previously hand-worked items
  • Sophisticated or new products came only gradually

4
The Factory
  • Putting-out system
  • People take in raw material, work it into
    finished product
  • Same entrepreneur supplies raw materials, finds
    workers, collects final product
  • He bears all risks, gets all profits
  • Wages were important to rural families
  • Factory system
  • Extremely important in changing lifestyles
  • Entrepreneur brings many people under one roof to
    work
  • Paid on fixed scale, under tight discipline
  • Employees no longer had any say over production

5
Why England Led the Industrial Revolution
  • Entrepreneurialism
  • Population increase
  • New source of energy steam
  • Agricultural improvements
  • Key raw materials
  • Transportation network
  • Variety of mechanical inventions perfected the
    steam engine

6
Spread of the Industrial Revolution
  • Why Industrial Revolution spread slowly at first
  • No other country had all essential advantages
  • England tried to keep techniques secret
  • Napoleonic wars disrupted commerce,
    communications
  • Continent began to industrialize about 1830
  • Belgium, France
  • Rhine River Valley
  • Eastern Europe, Russia, Iberia almost untouched
  • Lacked at least one of the essential factors
  • Became permanent clients of industrial nations
  • Industrialization was neither automatic nor
    inevitable

7
Railroads
  • New invention, spread rapidly
  • Many private railroads were bankrupt, taken over
    by government
  • Steam locomotive was heart of system
  • Greatly reduced costs of shipping, travel, and
    increased security

8
Phases of the Industrial Revolution
  • First Industrial Revolution, 1760-1820
  • British dominance
  • Energy supplied by steam
  • Produced textiles, iron
  • Second Industrial Revolution, later 19th century
  • Leadership shifted to Germany, US
  • Energy supplied by electricity
  • Chemical, petroleum industries
  • Third Industrial Revolution, today
  • Spread to many countries
  • Older industrial countries have moved to
    post-industrial society
  • Manufacturing replaced by services, information

9
Children in the Industrial Revolution
  • Place of children before 18th century
  • People didnt care closely for young children
    too likely they would die from disease, famine,
    accidents
  • Peasants, workers saw children as drain, not
    asset
  • Urban and wealthy classes also distant
  • Children were social security for parents old
    age
  • Change 1750-1850
  • More love, tenderness toward newborns, youngsters
  • Why?
  • Declining child mortality rates
  • More middle class, who valued children for what
    they were
  • Influence of educational reformers
  • State-supervised, funded schools provided general
    public education

10
Relations between Men and Women
  • Social relations were more free including
    premarital sex
  • Harder for some women to marry
  • Fewer eligible males
  • Often badly exploited

11
Occupations and Mobility
  • Increasing numbers in urban occupations,
    non-manual work
  • Farm laborers displaced, forced to move to cities
  • A few took up skilled trades or non-manual work,
    moved up social scale
  • Very real threat of unemployment, even starvation
  • Female occupations
  • Could stay at home, hope to marry, or work as
    domestic servants
  • Many servants remained for life
  • Increasingly, women could work at machinery
  • Replaced males in unskilled jobs
  • Worked for lower wages
  • Many women preferred factory work to domestic
    service

12
Urban Migration, Urbanized Society
  • Urban migration motives
  • Curiosity and desire for change
  • Desire to improve economic, social status
  • Desire to find better marital partners
  • Towns grew in spite of lack of local food
    production
  • Urban growth
  • Huge increases
  • New industry, manufacturing concentrated in
    smaller towns cheap land, close to raw
    materials
  • 1851 majority of population was urban
  • Urban classes
  • Nobility
  • Upper middle class bourgeoisie
  • Lower middle class
  • Working class

13
Diet and Nutrition
  • Pre-Revolution
  • Uneven mix of different foods
  • Local famines commonplace
  • Not transportation network to move food
  • Considerable improvement by 1800
  • Improved transportation
  • More productive agricultural methods
  • More grain from eastern Europe
  • Potatoes, dairy products, meat, fish added
  • Impact on health
  • Wealthy protein-rich diets more balanced
  • Poor had potatoes
  • More fruits, vegetables for middle classes

14
Public Health
  • Medical, surgical conditions changed little
  • Doctors still not getting formal training, much
    quackery
  • Modern medical theories still unknown
  • Conditions for mentally ill barely beginning to
    improve
  • Housing, sanitation
  • Overcrowding in cheap rental housing
  • Even most basic sanitation was missing
  • No privacy at all
  • Only reason towns were growing was from
    in-migration

15
Living Standards
  • Gap between rich and poor widened
  • Wealthy indulgent lifestyle, great wealth seen
    as reward for merit
  • Middle classes more modest, devoted energies to
    their businesses
  • Working classes extremely hard time, increased
    poverty
  • Reforms and improvements
  • Began attacking worst of abuses
  • Factory Acts limited child labor, required
    education
  • Working class families resisted needed child
    income
  • Little done to improve sanitation until cholera
    epidemic convinced middle classes that reform was
    to their advantage

16
Discussion Questions
  • The Industrial Revolution is one of a handful of
    watershed events in history, events for which
    there are drastic and permanent changes and a
    clear before and after. Specifically, what
    were the social and economic changes what was
    the pre-revolutionary situation and how did it
    change? What social group experienced the most
    change? What changes were those? Be specific.
  • The Industrial Revolution was not a single event,
    but rather three sequential revolutions, the
    First, Second, and Third Industrial Revolutions.
    How would you compare each to the other how did
    goals, inventions, scope and spread change?
    Which revolutionary period do you think caused
    the most change from the previous condition? Why
    do you choose that one what were those changes?
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