Computer Architecture

1
Computer Architecture

• NYUS FCSIT
• Spring 2008
• Vladimir RADEVSKI, PhD
• Associate Professor
• Contact radevski_at_unys.edu.mk

2
Organization

• Regular checking of your e.mail / CA folder
• Homework due on hard copy code
• Middle term exam / Quiz
• Final exam

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Sources (1/2)

• William Stallings Computer Organization and
  Architecture, 5/E, 6/E, Prentice Hall 2000/03
• Andrew Tanenbaum Structured Computer
  Organization, Prentice Hall 1999
• John L. Hennessy, David A. Patterson Computer
  Architecture A Quantitative Approach, 3/E May,
  2002.
• Jeff Duntemann Assembly Language Step-by-Step
  Programming with DOS and Linux, 2/E, Wiley 2000.
• Additional material on-site

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Sources (2/2)

• http//WilliamStallings.com
• links to sites of interest
• links to sites for courses that use the book
• errata list for book
• http//WilliamStallings.com/StudentSupport.html
• Math
• How-to
• Research resources
• Misc

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Internet Resources- Web sites to look for

• WWW Computer Architecture Home Page
• CPU Info Center
• ACM Special Interest Group on Computer
  Architecture
• IEEE Technical Committee on Computer Architecture
• Intel Technology Journal
• Manufacturers sites
• Intel, IBM, etc.
• Toms guide to hardware etc.

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Course contents

• Computer Evolution and Performance
• Computer organization and structure
• The Computer System
• Computer Interconnection Structures
• Internal/External Memory
• Input/Output
• CPU structure and function case study
• Number systems and arithmetic
• Operand addressing
• Assembly language and assemblers
• Advances in Computer Architecture
• Programming Laboratory

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Computer evolution and performance

• The nature and the architecture
• Aspects and Domains
• The computer ZOO and the evolution
• Functional view and descriptions
• Structure and the Von Neumman model

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Computer Nature Architecture

• What is THE ESSENTIALLY NEW thing that Computers
  bring to the world?
• The intellectual effort spent to solve a problem
  is now in an executable form.
• How it works?
• A multilevel architecture
• Problem-oriented language level
• Computer Logic Level
• Why it works in the way it works?
• Theory of computation

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Aspects and Domains

• Architecture
• attributes visible to the programmer
• Organization
• how the features are implemented
• Structure
• the way in which components relate to each other
• Function
• the operation of components as part of the
  structure
• - Data processing - Data movement
• - Data storage - Control

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The computer ZOO
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Some milestones in the evolution (1/2)

• Year - Name - Made by - Comments
• 1834 Analytical Engine Babbage - First attempt
  to build a digital computer
• 1936 Z1 Zuse - First working relay calculating
  machine
• 1943 COLOSSUS British govt - First electronic
  computer
• 1944 Mark I Aiken - First American
  general-purpose computer
• 1946 ENIAC I Eckert/Mauchley - Modern computer
  history starts
• 1949 EDSAC Wilkes - First stored-program
  computer
• 1951 Whirlwind I M.I.T. - First real-time
  computer
• 1952 IAS Von Neumann The design of the most
• current machines
• 1960 PDP-1 DEC - First minicomputer (50 sold)
• 1961 1401 IBM - Enormously popular small
  business machine
• 1962 7094 IBM - Scientific computing in the
  early 1960s
• 1963 B5000 Burroughs - First machine for a
  high-level language
• 1964 360 IBM - First product line designed as a
  family

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Some milestones in the evolution (2/2)

• Year - Name - Made by - Comments
• 1964 6600 CDC - First scientific supercomputer
• 1965 PDP-8 DEC - First mass-market minicomputer
• 1970 PDP-11 DEC - Dominated minicomputers in the
  1970s
• 1974 8080 Intel - First general-purpose 8-bit
  computer on chip
• 1974 CRAY-1 Cray - First vector supercomputer
• 1978 VAX DEC - First 32-bit superminicomputer
• 1981 IBM PC IBM - Started the modern personal
  computer era
• 1985 MIPS MIPS - First commercial RISC machine
• 1987 SPARC Sun - First SPARC-based RISC
  workstation
• 1990 RS6000 IBM - First superscalar machine

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Generations of Computer

• Vacuum tube - 1946-1957
• Transistor - 1958-1964
• Small scale integration - 1965 on
• Up to 100 devices on a chip
• Medium scale integration - to 1971
• 100-3,000 devices on a chip
• Large scale integration - 1971-1977
• 3,000 - 100,000 devices on a chip
• Very large scale integration - 1978 to date
• 100,000 - 100,000,000 devices on a chip
• Ultra large scale integration
• Over 100,000,000 devices on a chip

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Moores Law

• Increased density of components on chip
• Gordon Moore - cofounder of Intel
• Number of transistors on a chip will double every
  year
• Since 1970s development has slowed a little
• Number of transistors doubles every 18 months
• Cost of a chip has remained almost unchanged
• Higher packing density means shorter electrical
  paths, giving higher performance
• Smaller size gives increased flexibility
• Reduced power and cooling requirements
• Fewer interconnections increases reliability

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Growth in CPU Transistor Count
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Functional view
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Operations (1/2)
storage
mouvement
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Operation (2/2) Processing
from/to storage
from storage to I/O
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Description by levels Hardware and Software are
logically equivalent
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A six-level description of a computer
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Structure - Top Level
Computer
Peripherals
Central Processing Unit
Main Memory
Systems Interconnection Bus
Computer
Input / Output
Communication lines
22
Structure - The CPU
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Structure - The Control Unit
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The original von Neumman machine IAS 1946-52
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A simple computer
CPU
I/O devices
BUS
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Expanded structure of IAS computer
CPU
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The data path of typical von Neumman machine
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Memory location Data Instructions
Data Number word
Instruction Instruction word
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Quantitative approach Benchmarks Statistical
other interesting  misunderstandings 

• Example
• We need to pass from A to C.
• The first part of the trip (from A to B)
• mountain road that has to be passed by foot and
  takes 20h.
• The second part (from B to C)
• super modern auto road 200km long.

A
B
C
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Analysis and calculation

• The second part of the road (from B to C) can be
  passed
• By foot (4km/h)
• By bicycle (10km/h)
• On scooter (50km/h)
• By common car (120 km/h)
• By super modern Rocket-Ferrari (600km/h)
• Calculate and compare the  performances  with
  the option  by foot .

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What is better? Faster? How much?
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Amdahl Low

• The performance improvement to be gained from
  using some faster mode of execution is limited by
  the fraction of time the faster mode can be used

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Intel

• 1971 - 4004
• First microprocessor
• All CPU components on a single chip
• 4 bit
• Followed in 1972 by 8008
• 8 bit
• Both designed for specific applications
• 1974 - 8080
• Intels first general purpose microprocessor

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Speeding it up

• Pipelining
• On board cache
• On board L1 L2 cache
• Branch prediction
• Data flow analysis
• Speculative execution

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Performance Mismatch

• Processor speed increased
• Memory capacity increased
• Memory speed lags behind processor speed

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Pentium Evolution (1/3)

• 8080
• first general purpose microprocessor
• 8 bit data path
• Used in first personal computer Altair
• 8086
• much more powerful
• 16 bit
• instruction cache, prefetch few instructions
• 8088 (8 bit external bus) used in first IBM PC
• 80286
• 16 Mbyte memory addressable
• up from 1Mb
• 80386
• 32 bit
• Support for multitasking

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Pentium Evolution (2/3)

• 80486
• sophisticated powerful cache and instruction
  pipelining
• built in maths co-processor
• Pentium
• Superscalar
• Multiple instructions executed in parallel
• Pentium Pro
• Increased superscalar organization
• Aggressive register renaming
• branch prediction
• data flow analysis
• speculative execution

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Pentium Evolution (3/3)

• Pentium II
• MMX technology
• graphics, video audio processing
• Pentium III
• Additional floating point instructions for 3D
  graphics
• Pentium 4
• Further floating point and multimedia
  enhancements
• Itanium
• 64 bit
• To be seen later
• See Intel web pages for detailed information on
  processors